Jerusalem Talmud Yevamot 3.9

משנה: וְכוּלָּן שֶׁהָיוּ בָהֶן קִידּוּשִׁין אוֹ גֵירוּשִׁין בְּסָפֵק הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ חוֹלְצוֹת וְלֹא מִתְיַיבְּמוֹת. כֵּיצַד סְפֵק קִידּוּשִׁין זָרַק לָהּ קִידּוּשֶׁיהָ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לוֹ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לָהּ זֶהוּ סְפֵק קִידּוּשִׁין. כֵּיצַד סְפֵק גֵּירוּשִׁין כָּתַב בִּכְתָב יָדוֹ וְאֵין עָלָיו עֲדִים יֵשׁ עָלָיו עֵדִים וְאֵין בּוֹ זְמַן יֵשׁ בּוֹ זְמַן וְאֵין בּוֹ אֶלָּא עֵד אֶחָד זֶהוּ סְפֵק גֵּירוּשִׁין.

MISHNAH: In all cases in which there were questionable qiddushin or divorces, the [co-wives] must perform ḥalîṣah but cannot have levirate. What are questionable qiddushin? If he threw the betrothal gift to her and there is a doubt whether it fell closer to him or to her, that are questionable qiddushin. What is a questionable divorce? If [the divorce document] was written in his handwriting but without witnesses, or there are witnesses but no date, or there is a date but only one witness, these are questionable divorces.

הלכה: וְכוּלָּן שֶׁהָיוּ בָהֶן קִידּוּשִׁין אוֹ גֵירוּשִׁין בְּסָפֵק הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ חוֹלְצוֹת וְלֹא מִתְיַיבְּמוֹת כול׳. לֵית כָּאן סְפֵק גֵּירוּשִׁין מַמָּשּׁ. כֵּיצַד סְפֵק קִידּוּשִׁין. זָרַק לָהּ קִידּוּשֶׁיהָ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לָהּ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לוֹ זֶהוּ סְפֵק קִידּוּשִׁין. וְהָכָא זָרַק לָהּ גִּיטָּהּ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לָהּ סָפֵק קָרוֹב לוֹ זֶהוּ סְפֵק גֵּירוּשִׁין.

HALAKHAH: “In all cases in which there were questionable qiddushin or divorces, the [co-wives] must perform ḥalîṣah but cannot have levirate,” etc. There really is no questionable divorce here. What are questionable qiddushin? If he threw the betrothal gift to her and there is a doubt whether it fell closer to him or to her, that are questionable qiddushin. And here, if he threw the divorce document to her and there is a doubt whether it fell closer to him or to her, that is a questionable divorce.

רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֶׁם רִבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא דְמִן הוה. וְכוּלָּן אִם נִישֵּׂאת בּוֹ לֹא תֵצֵא. שֶׁלֹּא לְהוֹצִיא לִיזָה עַל בָּנֵיהָ. בִּתּוֹ שֶׁנִּישֵּׂאת לַשּׁוּק בְּגֵט זֶה לֹא תֵצֵא כְּדֵי לַזּוּק צָרָתָהּ לְאָבִיהָ. צָרָתָהּ שֶׁנִּישֵּׂאת לַשּׁוּק בְּגֵט זֶה תֵצֵא. בִּתּוֹ שֶׁנִּישֵּׂאת לְאָחִיו בְּגֵט זֶה תֵצֵא. צָרָתָהּ שֶׁנִּישֵּׂאת לְאָחִיו בְּגֵט זֶה אֲפִילוּ לְאָבִיהָ לֹא תֵצֵא.

Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi Ḥalaphta from Haifa: Any who were married on the basis of such a document should not leave in order not to give a bad reputation to her children. His daughter who was married outside on the basis of such a document should not leave in order to damage her co-wife to her father. Her co-wife who was married outside on the basis of such a document has to leave. His daughter who married his brother on the basis of such a document has to leave. Her co-wife who was married to his brother on the basis of such a document, or even to her father, should not leave.

תַּנֵּי שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁטָרוֹת הַלָּלוּ גוֹבֶה מִבְּנֵי חוֹרִין וְאֵינוֹ גוֹבֶה מִן הַמְשׁוּעֲבָדִין. אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא. הָדָא דְתֵימָר בִּשֶׁלֹּא הוּחְזַק בִּשְׁטָר בְּיַד הַמַּלְוֶה. אֲבָל הוּחְזַק הַשְּׁטָר בְּיַד הַמַּלְוֶה גוֹבֶה. רִבִי יוֹסֵה בָּעֵי. אִם שֶׁלֹּא הוּחְזַק הַשְּׁטָר בְּיַד הַמַּלְוֶה אֲפִילוּ מִבְּנֵי חוֹרִין לֹא יִגְבֶּה. אֶלָּא כֵן אֲנָן קַיָימִין בְּשֶׁהוּחְזַק הַשְּׁטָר בְּיַד הַמַּלְוֶה. וְלָמָּה אֵינוֹ גוֹבֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי בִּיסְנָא. מִפְּנֵי קֳינוֹנִיָיא. רִבִּי אָבוּן אָמַר. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא פָסוּל. עַד כְּדוֹן בְּשֶׁלָּוָה הַזָּקֵן וְשִׁיעְבֵּד הַזָּקֵן. לָוָוה הַזָּקֵן וְשִׁיעְבֵּד הַבֵּן. אִית לָךְ מֵימָר מִפְּנֵי קֳינוֹנִיָיא. לֹא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא פָסוּל. וְהָכָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא פָסוּל. אָמַר רִבִּי אָבוּן. וְהָא תַנֵּי אַף בְגִיטֵּי נָשִׁים כֵּן. אִית לָךְ מֵימָר מִפְּנֵי קֳינוֹנִיָיא. לֹא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא פָסוּל. וְהָכָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא פָסוּל.

It was stated: [A claim based on] any of these three types of documents can be collected only from unincumbered property, not from mortgaged property. Rebbi Abba said, that means, if the document in the hand of the lender has not been confirmed. But if the document in the hand of the lender has been confirmed, he may collect. Rebbi Yose asked: If the document in the hand of the lender has not been confirmed, he should not be able to collect even from unincumbered property! But one must deal with a document confirmed in the hand of the lender. And why can he not collect? Rebbi Bisna said, because of action in partnership. Rebbi Abun said, because it is invalid. So far, if the old man took the loan and [later] the old man mortgaged. But if the old man took the loan and [later] the son mortgaged, can you say because of a conspiracy? No, because it is invalid. And here, because it is invalid. Rebbi Abun said, and was it not stated: The same holds for bills of divorce. Can you say there, because of action in partnership? No, because it is invalid. And here, because it is invalid.