Jerusalem Talmud Bava Kamma 9.1

משנה: הַגּוֹזֵל עֵצִים וַעֲשָׂאָן כֵּלִים צֶמֶר וַעֲשָׂאוֹ בְגָדִים מְשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה. גָּזַל פָּרָה מְעוֹבֶּרֶת וְיָלְדָה רָחֵל טְעוּנָה וּגְזָזָהּ מְשַׁלֵּם דְּמֵי פָרָה מְעוּבֶּרֶת לֵילֵד דְּמֵי רָחֵל טְעוּנָה לִיגָּזֵז. גָּזַל פָּרָה וְעִיבְּרָה אֶצְלוֹ וְיָלְדָה רָחֵל וְנִטְעֲנָה עִמּוֹ וּגְזָזָהּ מְשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה. זֶה הַכְּלָל כָּל הַגַּזְלָנִין מְשַׁלְּמִין כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה.

MISHNAH: One who robbed wood and turned it into utensils, wool and turned it into garments, pays their value at the time of the robbery. If he robbed a pregnant cow and it calved, a sheep in its wool and he shore it, he pays the price of a pregnant cow ready to calve, or a sheep in its wool ready to be shorn. If he robbed a cow which became pregnant in his possession and it calved, or a sheep which grew wool with him and he shore it, he pays their value at the time of the robbery. This is the principle: All robbers pay for value at the time of the robbery.

הלכה: הַגּוֹזֵל עֵצִים וַעֲשָׂאָן כֵּלִים כול׳. הָכָא אַתָּ מַר. לִיבּוּן כְּשִׁינּוּי. וְהָכָא אַתָּ מַר. אֵין לִיבּוּן כְּשִׁינּוּי. הֵן דְּתֵימַר. לִיבּוּן כְּשִׁינּוּי. בְּשֶׁעֲשָׂאוֹ צוּפִים. וְהֵן דְּתֵימַר. אֵין לִיבּוּן כְּשִׁינּוּי. בְּשֶׁהִנִּיחוֹ כְּמוֹת שֶׁהוּא. מָצִינוּ לִיבּוּן בְּלֹא צוּפִים. שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ צוּפִים בְּלֹא לִיבּוּן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן. קַל הוּא שֶׁהֵיקֵלוּ בְגַזְלָן שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה. גָּזַל שֶׁלַח וְלִיבְּנוֹ. אִית לָךְ מֵימַר בְּשֶׁעֲשָׂאוֹ צוּפִים. עוֹד קַל הוּא שֶׁהֵיקֵלוּ בְגַזְלָן שֶׁיְּהֵא מְשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה.

HALAKHAH: “One who robbed wood and turned it into utensils,” etc. Here, you say that bleaching is a change, and there you say that bleaching is not a change. If you say that bleaching is a change, if he made it into wool flakes. If you say that bleaching is not a change, if he left it unchanged. We find bleaching without flakes. Are there flakes without bleaching? Rebbi Yudan said, it is a leniency instituted for the robber that he pay their value at the time of the robbery. If somebody robbed raw hide and cleaned it, can you say that he turned it into flakes? Again it is a leniency instituted for the robber that he pay the value at the time of the robbery.

גָּזַל מָרִישׁ וּבְנָאוֹ בַבִּירָה. בֵּית שַׁמַּי אוֹמְרִים. יְקַעְקֵעַ כָּל הַבִּירָה כוּלָּהּ וְיִתְּנֶינּוּ לוֹ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים. יִתֵּן לוֹ דָמָיו מִפְּנֵי תַקָּנַת שָׁבִים. יָרַד לְחֻרְבָּה וּבְנָיָיהּ שֶׁלֹּא בִרְשׁוּת שָׁמִין לוֹ וְיָדוֹ עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה. בְּנָיָיהּ בִּרְשׁוּת שָׁמִין לוֹ וְיָדוֹ עַל הָעֶלְיוֹנָה. בִּיקֵּשׁ לִיטּוֹל אֲבָנָיו וְעֵצָיו אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. מִשּׁוֹם יִישׁוּב אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק שָׁאַל. אִילּוּ מִי שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְחוֹרְבָתוֹ שֶׁלַּחֲבֵירוֹ וּפִירֵק חֲבִילָתוֹ לְשָׁעָה וּבִיקֵּשׁ לִיטְּלוֹ שֶׁמָּא אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. כֵּיוָן דְּשָׁמַע דָּמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא. מִשּׁוֹם יִישׁוּב אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר. הָאֲמִירָה. אֶלָּא בָּנָה בְמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין רָאוּי לִבְנוֹת וְנָטַע בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִיטַּע. רַב אָמַר. שָׁמִין לוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּעֲרִימִין עָלָיו לִיכָּנֵס לְשָׁם בִּימוֹת הַחַמָּה וּבִימוֹת הַגְּשָׁמִים. אָמַר לוֹ. הָא תַנִּיתָהּ. שָׁמִין לוֹ וְיָדוֹ לַתַּחְתּוֹנָה.

“One who robbed a beam and built it into a large building. The House of Shammai say, he has to tear down the entire building and return it. But the House of Hillel say, he has to pay its worth to support the penitents. If he went into another person’s ruined building and rebuilt it without permission, one estimates for him and his hand is disadvantaged. If he rebuilt it with permission, one estimates for him and his hand is advantaged. If he wanted to take his wood and stones, one does not listen to him.” Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Joshua ben Levi: Because of the settlement in the Land of Israel. Rav Naḥman bar Isaac asked: If somebody temporarily entered another person’s ruin to put down his bundle, when he wanted to take it up again does one not listen to him? When he heard what Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa had said, because of the settlement in the Land of Israel, he said: That is a statement. But if he built at a place unfit for building, or planted trees at a place unfit for planting, Rav said one estimates for him but one tricks him to permit entry both in summer and in winter. One said to him: Was that not already stated: “One estimates for him and his hand is disadvantaged?”

אָמַר רִבִּי זֵירָא. הָדָא אָמְרָה. גָּזַל שְׁמֵינָה וְהִכְחִישָׁה מַחֲזִיר לוֹ אֶת הַשּׁוּמָּן. אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא. הָדָא אָמְרָה. גָּזַל כְּחוּשָׁה וְהִשְׁמִינָה מַחֲזִירָהּ בְּעֵיינָהּ.

Rebbi Ze‘ira said, this implies that if he robbed a fattened animal and it became thin, he has to replace the fat. Rav Ḥisda said, this implies that if he robbed a thin animal and fattened it, he has to return it as is.

מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעִיבְּרָה אֶצְלוֹ וְיָלְדָה. מְשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּזֵילָה. מָאן תַּנִּיתָהּ. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב. דְּתַנֵּי. זֶה הַכְּלָל. שֶׁהָיָה רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר. כָּל גְּזֵילָה שֶׁהִיא קַיֶימֶת בְּעֵינֶיהָ וְלֹא נִשְׁתַּנֵּית מִבְּרִיָיתָהּ אוֹמֵר לוֹ. הֲרֵי שֶׁלָּךְ לְפָנֶיךָ. וְהַגַּנָּב לְעוֹלָם מְשַׁלֵּם כְּשָׁעַת הַגְּנֵיבָה.

Because it became pregnant at his place and calved he pays its value at the time of the robbery. Who stated this? Rebbi Jacob, as it was stated: “This is the principle about which Rebbi Jacob said: About any robbed object which exists as before and was not changed from the state in which it was created, he tells him: Here is your property before you. And the thief always pays the value at the time of theft.”