Rabbinic JudaismJerusalem Talmud Avodah Zarah 3.1HOLYMAP · SACRED TEXTS
The Jerusalem TalmudJerusalem Talmud Avodah Zarah 3.1

The Jerusalem Talmud

Jerusalem Talmud Avodah Zarah 3.1

1
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

MISHNAH: All statues are prohibited because they are worshipped once a year, the words of Rebbi Meïr, but the Sages say, prohibited are only those in whose hand is a rod, or a bird, or a globe. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, any in whose hand is anything.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

HALAKHAH: “All statues are prohibited,” etc. Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said, because they are worshipped in the great fortification of Rome twice in a Sabbatical period. Then at a place where they are worshipped they should be forbidden, at a place where they are not worshipped they should be permitted. Rebbi Yose said, since they became forbidden at one place, their kind becomes forbidden anywhere.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Where do we hold? If it is certain that they are of kings, according to everybody they are forbidden. If it is certain that they are of rulers, according to everybody they are permitted. But where we hold is if it is indeterminate. Rebbi Meïr says, indeterminate they are of kings but the rabbis say, indeterminate they are of rulers.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Ashian the woodworker in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: why are pictures forbidden? Because one burns incense before them at the time they are hung. Rebbi Joḥanan said, one may look at them when they are taken down. What is the reason? You may look when the evildoers are being destroyed. One may not look at inscriptions under figures or under pictures on the Sabbath. Not only this, but even on a weekday one does not look at pictures. What is the reason? Do not turn to idols, do not turn to worship them; Rebbi Jehudah says, do not turn actually to see them.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

When Rebbi Naḥum bar Simai expired, the pictures were covered by bast mats. Just as he did not see them during his lifetime, so he should not see them in his death. But do they know anything? Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, the only difference between us and the just is speech. Rebbi Ze‘ira said, the dead person hears his eulogy as in a dream. Rebbi Ashian said, the dead person hears his eulogy as in a dream. Why was he called “Naḥum the most holy man”? because he never in his life looked at the form on a coin. Why was he called “our holy teacher”? Because he never looked at his circumcision.

6
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

When Rebbi Aḥa expired, a star was seen at high noon. When Rebbi Ḥanan expired, the statues were bent. When Rebbi Joḥanan expired, the pictures were bent. They said, there was no picture beauty like his. When Rebbi Ḥanina from Hauran expired, Lake Tiberias was split. They said, when he was going to intercalate, the lake was split before him. When Rav Hoshaia expired, the shame of Tiberias fell down. When Rebbi Isaac ben Elyashiv expired, 70 thresholds of Galilean houses were uprooted. They said, these were kept in place by his merit.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

When Rebbi Samuel ben Rav Isaac expired, the cedars of the Land of Israel were uprooted. They said that he was taking branches and danced while singing before brides. The rabbis were complaining about him. Rebbi Zeˋira said to them, let him alone, the old man does not know what he is doing. When he expired, fire came from Heaven and separated between his bier and the public; there were three hours of thunder and lightning in the world. They showed what this branch did for the old man. There came a disembodied voice and said, woe that Samuel bar Rav Isaac, the doer of good deeds, has expired.

8
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

When Rebbi Yasa bar Ḥalfuta expired, the water pipes drew blood in Laodicea. They said, because he devoted his life to circumcisions.

9
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

When Rebbi Abbahu expired, the pillars of Caesarea were crying. The Samaritans said, they only are making a joyful noise. The Jews told them, do the outsiders know what sound the insiders make? When Rebbi Abbahu expired, they had thirteen rivers of balsamum flowing before him. He asked them, for whom are these? They told him, they are yours. He said to them, all of this is for Abbahu, and I said. in vain I labored, etc.

10
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

The Holy One, praise to Him, shows to the just their rewards in this world; their soul is satisfied and they go to sleep. [A parable] of a king who gave a dinner and pictured all kinds of dishes on a chart. When the guests entered they saw it, they were satiated and went to sleep.

11
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Zavdai ben Levai, and Rebbi Yose bar Petrus, and Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said three verses when they expired. One of them said, for this every pious one should pray to You etc. And one said, all who rely on You will enjoy etc. And one said, how great is Your bounty which You did hide for those who fear You etc.

12
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Rebbi Jacob bar Idi in the name of Rebbi Joshua ben Levi: It happened that the Elders assembled in the upper story of House Gadya at Jericho when there came a disembodied voice and told them, there are two among you worthy of the Holy Spirit and one of them is Hillel the Elder. They looked at Samuel Minor. Then the Elders assembled in the upper story at Jabneh when there came a disembodied voice and told them, there are two among you worthy of the Holy Spirit and one of them is Samuel Minor. They looked at Eliezer ben Hyrcanos. They were happy that their opinion coincided with that of the Holy Spirit.

13
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

One of the Patriarch’s court expired. The burial cave received him but people’s lives were endangered. Rebbi Yose came and held a funeral oration, “happy the man who leaves the world in peace.” When Rebbi Yasa died, the sacred fountain of Tiberias fell down and those of the Patriarch’s court were happy. Rebbi Zeˋira told them, it is not comparable. There people were in danger, here nobody was in danger. There no pagan worship was uprooted, here pagan worship was uprooted.

14
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Rebbi Jacob bar Idi in the name of Rebbi Joshua ben Levi: When Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai died, he said, clear the house because of impurity and prepare a chair for Hezekiah, the king of Judah. When his student Rebbi Eliezer died, he said, clear the house because of impurity and prepare a chair for Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai. But some say, what his teacher saw, he saw.

15
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Some of the family of the Patriarch proposed a marriage connection to one of the house of Rebbi Pazi but he did not accept; he said that they should not be embarrassed by him. When he died he said, clear the house because of impurity and prepare a chair for Josaphat, the king of Judah. They said, the one who ran after honor should come for him who fled before honor.

16
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

“But the Sages say, prohibited are only those in whose hand is a rod, or a bird, or a globe.” A rod by which he rules the world. A bird, my hand reaches to the riches of people as to a bird’s nest. A globe, for the world is globe-shaped.

17
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Rebbi Jonah said, when Alexander the Macedonian wanted to ascend he rose, and rose, and rose, until he saw the world as a globe and the ocean like a bowl. Therefore one represents him with a globe in his hand. Should one not represent him with a bowl in his hand? He does not rule over the Sea. But the Holy One, praise to Him, rules over Sea and dry land, He rescues on the Sea and on land.

18
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Rebbi Zeˋira the son of Rebbi Abbahu preached before Rebbi Eleazar. Happy is he whom the God of Jacob helps. What is written after this? The Maker of Heaven and Earth. What has one to do with the other? But a king of flesh and blood needs a protector; in one district he is not a ruler, maybe in another one? If you say a universal ruler rules over dry land, does he [rule] over the Sea? But the Holy One, praise to Him, is not like this; He rules over the Sea, He rules over dry land. Not only this, but if a sword is at a person’s neck the Holy One, praise to Him, saves him. That is what Moses said, He saved me from Pharao’ s sword. It is written only sword. Even if a sword is at his neck the Holy One, praise to Him, saves him from it.

19
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

“They added to this the sword, the crown, and the ring.” The sword with which he kills, the crown with which he crowns himself, the ring with which he seals.

20
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

It is forbidden to seal with a seal on which there is an idol. Rebbi Jehudah says, if its seal was recessed it is forbidden to seal with it, if it protrudes it is permitted to seal with it. Rebbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel says, in my father’s family they were sealing with faces. Rebbi Eleazar ben Rebbi Simeon says, all kinds of faces were in Jerusalem except human ones.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

“Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, any in whose hand is anything.” But only matters of honor. A basket, laced shoes, and rags are matters of dishonor. Papyrus and reed pen are matters of honor. The pen-case is problematic.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015). CC BY. Text from Sefaria (sefaria.org); commentary notes omitted. · Source ↗

Hebrew/Aramaic text: The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015), via Sefaria (sefaria.org). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Changes: footnotes and HTML formatting removed.

The Jerusalem Talmud, edition, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015). CC BY. Text from Sefaria (sefaria.org); commentary notes omitted. · Source ↗

English translation: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015); commentary notes omitted, via Sefaria (sefaria.org). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Changes: footnotes and HTML formatting removed.

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