Rabbinic JudaismJerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah 2.1HOLYMAP · SACRED TEXTS
The Jerusalem TalmudJerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah 2.1

The Jerusalem Talmud

Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah 2.1

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

MISHNAH: If they do not know him, one sends another one with him to testify about him. Originally one accepted testimony about the new moon from anybody. After the sectarians spoiled they instituted that one would accept only from known persons. Originally they were lighting beacons. After the Samaritans spoiled they instituted that messengers went out.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

HALAKHAH: “If they do not know him,” etc. Rebbi Jonah said, so should the Mishnah be stated: Originally one accepted testimony about the new moon from everybody. If they do not know him, one sends another one with him to testify about him. Rebbi Yose said, even as in the Mishnah it is acceptable: If they do not know him, one sends another one with him to testify about him. Why? Because originally one accepted testimony about the new moon from anybody. May a single witness be believed? They gave you from your own. It should be logical that no witnesses should be needed. But they said that witnesses were needed, and they said that a single witness may be believed.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

Could one witness be believed as two? How is this? If there were two, one whom everybody knows and one whom nobody knows, except that his partner knows him. May his partner teem up with one from the street to testify about him? Rebbi Ze`ira, Rav Huna in the name of Rav: he and another cannot team up about the signature of the second witness. This is needed in case there were two, one whose signature everybody knows and one whom nobody knows, except that his partner knows him. May his partner be like anybody from the street to testify about him? In that case the entire testimony is confirmed by one witness. Rebbi Yudan said, this is correct. For example, two who came from a town most of whose inhabitants are Gentiles, like Hippos. One of whom everybody knows that he is Jewish and one whom nobody knows, except that his partner knows him. May his partner be like one from the street to testify about him? If you are saying yes, the entire testimony is confirmed by one witness. Also here the entire testimony is confirmed by one witness.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

There, we stated: “The overseer said to them, go and see whether the time of slaughter has arrived. When it arrived, the lookout says, it is radiant.” What means borqi? Barqat. There, they are saying, בְּרוֹק בּוֹרְקָה, getting bright, radiant.

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English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

May one witness be believed? It is different here since one cannot control him; should we not worry and say, by the time somebody climbs up and goes out it will shine? The matter can be verified. If one witness says, this male was born on a Sabbath, one circumcises him on his word. It is dark at the end of the Sabbath, one carries (him) on his word. Rebbi Immi was carrying on the result of elapsed time. Rebbi Mattaniah was carrying on the saying of the moon shining. Rebbi Immi was circumcising on the saying of women, the sun was over Hippos.

6
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

May people who know those who know him desecrate the Sabbath for him? Let us hear from the following: “[Rebbi] Noharai (here) <ben> Shanai said, it happened that I descended to Usha to testify for one witness. They did not need me but I looked for a pretext to see my colleagues.”

7
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

What spoiling was there? Because they were saying, Pentecost is after the Sabbath; one always was going out in the evening on the presumption that it would be sanctified. Then for Nisan they should not accept, for the other months they should accept. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, the main spoiling was in Adar. Then if it conforms with ours they should accept, if it does not conform with ours they should not accept. One because of the other. “It happened that the Boethusian hired two false witnesses to testify on the new moon that it be sanctified. The first came, delivered his testimony, and left. The other one said, I was climbing Maaleh Adumim when I saw it lying down between two rocks, its head resembling a calf, its ears resembling a kid goat. Is saw it, was taken aback, and stepped backward, and there were 200 denar tied in my money belt. They told him, the 200 denar are given to you as a gift, but those who sent you should come and be flogged. Why did you put yourself in this questionable situation? He said to them, I saw them trying to trip up the Sages. I said, it is better that I should go and inform the Sages.”

8
English · Heinrich W. Guggenheimer

And what spoiling was there? These were kindling this day and those were kindling the next day; they were thinking that the Court was reconsidering and were spoiled. Who disestablished the beacons? Rebbi disestablished the beacons, and permitted the murderer, and permitted hearsay, and permitted that one was departing in the evening trusting that it would be sanctified. Rebbi Abbahu said, even though you are saying that the beacons were disestablished, they were not disestablished from the Sea of Galilee. Rebbi Ze`ira asked before Rebbi Abbahu, should those who see Safed light a beacon? He said to him, Rebbi disestablished the beacons. Why would Safed light a beacon? To communicate that they know. One does not light a beacon in the night of its regular time, but in the night of its extension. In the night of its regular time one cannot kindle because of the holiday, but one kindles in the night of its extension. One kindles only for months settled on time because of a holiday which might fall on a Friday. In the night of its regular time one cannot kindle because of the holiday, in the night of its extension one cannot kindle because of the honor of the Sabbath. For if you are saying, one kindles both for months settled on time [and for months not settled on time]; if you are saying this, they will say that maybe the Court was reconsidering and would be spoiled.

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Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah 2.1English
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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015). CC BY. Text from Sefaria (sefaria.org); commentary notes omitted. · Source ↗

Hebrew/Aramaic text: The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015), via Sefaria (sefaria.org). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Changes: footnotes and HTML formatting removed.

The Jerusalem Talmud, edition, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015). CC BY. Text from Sefaria (sefaria.org); commentary notes omitted. · Source ↗

English translation: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999–2015); commentary notes omitted, via Sefaria (sefaria.org). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Changes: footnotes and HTML formatting removed.

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