DN 25

Udumbarikasutta 1. Nigrodhaparibbājakavatthu

Evaṁ me sutaṁ— ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā rājagahe viharati gijjhakūṭe pabbate. Tena kho pana samayena nigrodho paribbājako udumbarikāya paribbājakārāme paṭivasati mahatiyā paribbājakaparisāya saddhiṁ tiṁsamattehi paribbājakasatehi. Atha kho sandhāno gahapati divā divassa rājagahā nikkhami bhagavantaṁ dassanāya. Atha kho sandhānassa gahapatissa etadahosi: “akālo kho bhagavantaṁ dassanāya. Paṭisallīno bhagavā. Manobhāvanīyānampi bhikkhūnaṁ asamayo dassanāya. Paṭisallīnā manobhāvanīyā bhikkhū. Yannūnāhaṁ yena udumbarikāya paribbājakārāmo, yena nigrodho paribbājako tenupasaṅkameyyan”ti. Atha kho sandhāno gahapati yena udumbarikāya paribbājakārāmo, tenupasaṅkami.

The Lion’s Roar at the Monastery of Lady Udumbarikā 1. The Story of the Wanderer Nigrodha

So I have heard. At one time the Buddha was staying near Rājagaha, on the Vulture’s Peak Mountain. Now at that time the wanderer Nigrodha was residing in the lady Udumbarikā’s monastery for wanderers, together with a large assembly of three thousand wanderers. Then the householder Sandhāna left Rājagaha in the middle of the day to see the Buddha. Then it occurred to him, “It’s the wrong time to see the Buddha, as he’s in retreat. And it’s the wrong time to see the esteemed mendicants, as they’re in retreat. Why don’t I visit the wanderer Nigrodha at the lady Udumbarikā’s monastery for wanderers?” So he went to the monastery for the wanderers.

Tena kho pana samayena nigrodho paribbājako mahatiyā paribbājakaparisāya saddhiṁ nisinno hoti unnādiniyā uccāsaddamahāsaddāya anekavihitaṁ tiracchānakathaṁ kathentiyā. Seyyathidaṁ—rājakathaṁ corakathaṁ mahāmattakathaṁ senākathaṁ bhayakathaṁ yuddhakathaṁ annakathaṁ pānakathaṁ vatthakathaṁ sayanakathaṁ mālākathaṁ gandhakathaṁ ñātikathaṁ yānakathaṁ gāmakathaṁ nigamakathaṁ nagarakathaṁ janapadakathaṁ itthikathaṁ sūrakathaṁ visikhākathaṁ kumbhaṭṭhānakathaṁ pubbapetakathaṁ nānattakathaṁ lokakkhāyikaṁ samuddakkhāyikaṁ itibhavābhavakathaṁ iti vā.

Now at that time, Nigrodha was sitting together with a large assembly of wanderers making an uproar, a colossal racket. They engaged in all kinds of low talk, such as talk about kings, bandits, and chief ministers; talk about armies, threats, and wars; talk about food, drink, clothes, and beds; talk about garlands and fragrances; talk about family, vehicles, villages, towns, cities, and countries; talk about women and heroes; talk at the street market and the place for water pots; talk about the departed; motley talk; tales of land and sea; and talk about being reborn in this or that place.

Addasā kho nigrodho paribbājako sandhānaṁ gahapatiṁ dūratova āgacchantaṁ. Disvā sakaṁ parisaṁ saṇṭhāpesi: “appasaddā bhonto hontu, mā bhonto saddamakattha. Ayaṁ samaṇassa gotamassa sāvako āgacchati sandhāno gahapati. Yāvatā kho pana samaṇassa gotamassa sāvakā gihī odātavasanā rājagahe paṭivasanti, ayaṁ tesaṁ aññataro sandhāno gahapati. Appasaddakāmā kho panete āyasmanto appasaddavinītā, appasaddassa vaṇṇavādino. Appeva nāma appasaddaṁ parisaṁ viditvā upasaṅkamitabbaṁ maññeyyā”ti. Evaṁ vutte, te paribbājakā tuṇhī ahesuṁ.

Nigrodha saw Sandhāna coming off in the distance, and hushed his own assembly: “Be quiet, good fellows, don’t make a sound. The householder Sandhāna, a disciple of the ascetic Gotama, is coming. He is included among the white-clothed lay disciples of the ascetic Gotama, who is residing near Rājagaha. Such venerables like the quiet, are educated to be quiet, and praise the quiet. Hopefully if he sees that our assembly is quiet he’ll see fit to approach.” Then those wanderers fell silent.

Atha kho sandhāno gahapati yena nigrodho paribbājako tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā nigrodhena paribbājakena saddhiṁ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṁ kathaṁ sāraṇīyaṁ vītisāretvā ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho sandhāno gahapati nigrodhaṁ paribbājakaṁ etadavoca: “aññathā kho ime bhonto aññatitthiyā paribbājakā saṅgamma samāgamma unnādino uccāsaddamahāsaddā anekavihitaṁ tiracchānakathaṁ anuyuttā viharanti. Seyyathidaṁ—rājakathaṁ …pe… itibhavābhavakathaṁ iti vā. Aññathā kho pana so bhagavā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevati appasaddāni appanigghosāni vijanavātāni manussarāhasseyyakāni paṭisallānasāruppānī”ti.

Then Sandhāna went up to the wanderer Nigrodha, and exchanged greetings with him. When the greetings and polite conversation were over, he sat down to one side and said to Nigrodha, “The way the wanderers make an uproar as they sit together and talk about all kinds of low topics is one thing. It’s quite different to the way the Buddha frequents remote lodgings in the wilderness and the forest that are quiet and still, far from the madding crowd, remote from human settlements, and fit for retreat.”

Evaṁ vutte, nigrodho paribbājako sandhānaṁ gahapatiṁ etadavoca: “yagghe, gahapati, jāneyyāsi, kena samaṇo gotamo saddhiṁ sallapati, kena sākacchaṁ samāpajjati, kena paññāveyyattiyaṁ samāpajjati? Suññāgārahatā samaṇassa gotamassa paññā aparisāvacaro samaṇo gotamo nālaṁ sallāpāya. So antamantāneva sevati. Seyyathāpi nāma gokāṇā pariyantacārinī antamantāneva sevati. Evameva suññāgārahatā samaṇassa gotamassa paññā; aparisāvacaro samaṇo gotamo; nālaṁ sallāpāya. So antamantāneva sevati. Iṅgha, gahapati, samaṇo gotamo imaṁ parisaṁ āgaccheyya, ekapañheneva naṁ saṁsādeyyāma, tucchakumbhīva naṁ maññe orodheyyāmā”ti.

When Sandhāna said this, Nigrodha said to him, “Surely, householder, you should know better! With whom does the ascetic Gotama converse? With whom does he engage in discussion? With whom does he achieve lucidity of wisdom? Staying in empty huts has destroyed the ascetic Gotama’s wisdom. Not frequenting assemblies, he is unable to hold a discussion. He just lurks on the periphery. He’s just like a one-eyed cow, circling around and lurking on the periphery. Go on, householder! Were the ascetic Gotama to come to this assembly, I’d sink him with just one question! I’d tie him up like a hollow pot!”

Assosi kho bhagavā dibbāya sotadhātuyā visuddhāya atikkantamānusikāya sandhānassa gahapatissa nigrodhena paribbājakena saddhiṁ imaṁ kathāsallāpaṁ. Atha kho bhagavā gijjhakūṭā pabbatā orohitvā yena sumāgadhāya tīre moranivāpo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā sumāgadhāya tīre moranivāpe abbhokāse caṅkami. Addasā kho nigrodho paribbājako bhagavantaṁ sumāgadhāya tīre moranivāpe abbhokāse caṅkamantaṁ. Disvāna sakaṁ parisaṁ saṇṭhāpesi: “appasaddā bhonto hontu, mā bhonto saddamakattha, ayaṁ samaṇo gotamo sumāgadhāya tīre moranivāpe abbhokāse caṅkamati. Appasaddakāmo kho pana so āyasmā, appasaddassa vaṇṇavādī. Appeva nāma appasaddaṁ parisaṁ viditvā upasaṅkamitabbaṁ maññeyya. Sace samaṇo gotamo imaṁ parisaṁ āgaccheyya, imaṁ taṁ pañhaṁ puccheyyāma: ‘ko nāma so, bhante, bhagavato dhammo, yena bhagavā sāvake vineti, yena bhagavatā sāvakā vinītā assāsappattā paṭijānanti ajjhāsayaṁ ādibrahmacariyan’”ti? Evaṁ vutte, te paribbājakā tuṇhī ahesuṁ.

With clairaudience that is purified and superhuman, the Buddha heard this discussion between the householder Sandhāna and the wanderer Nigrodha. Then the Buddha descended from Vulture’s Peak Mountain and went to the peacocks’ feeding ground on the bank of the Sumāgadhā, where he walked mindfully in the open air. Nigrodha saw him, and hushed his own assembly: “Be quiet, good fellows, don’t make a sound. Here, the ascetic Gotama is walking mindfully on the bank of the Sumāgadhā. The venerable likes quiet and praises quiet. Hopefully if he sees that our assembly is quiet he’ll see fit to approach. If he comes, I’ll ask him this question: ‘Sir, what teaching do you use to guide your disciples, through which they claim solace in the fundamental goal of the spiritual life?’” Then those wanderers fell silent.

2. Tapojigucchāvāda

Atha kho bhagavā yena nigrodho paribbājako tenupasaṅkami. Atha kho nigrodho paribbājako bhagavantaṁ etadavoca: “etu kho, bhante, bhagavā, svāgataṁ, bhante, bhagavato. Cirassaṁ kho, bhante, bhagavā imaṁ pariyāyamakāsi yadidaṁ idhāgamanāya. Nisīdatu, bhante, bhagavā, idamāsanaṁ paññattan”ti. Nisīdi bhagavā paññatte āsane. Nigrodhopi kho paribbājako aññataraṁ nīcāsanaṁ gahetvā ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinnaṁ kho nigrodhaṁ paribbājakaṁ bhagavā etadavoca: “kāya nuttha, nigrodha, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā, kā ca pana vo antarākathā vippakatā”ti? Evaṁ vutte, nigrodho paribbājako bhagavantaṁ etadavoca: “idha mayaṁ, bhante, addasāma bhagavantaṁ sumāgadhāya tīre moranivāpe abbhokāse caṅkamantaṁ, disvāna evaṁ avocumhā: ‘sace samaṇo gotamo imaṁ parisaṁ āgaccheyya, imaṁ taṁ pañhaṁ puccheyyāma: “ko nāma so, bhante, bhagavato dhammo, yena bhagavā sāvake vineti, yena bhagavatā sāvakā vinītā assāsappattā paṭijānanti ajjhāsayaṁ ādibrahmacariyan”’ti? Ayaṁ kho no, bhante, antarākathā vippakatā; atha bhagavā anuppatto”ti. “Dujjānaṁ kho etaṁ, nigrodha, tayā aññadiṭṭhikena aññakhantikena aññarucikena aññatrāyogena aññatrācariyakena, yenāhaṁ sāvake vinemi, yena mayā sāvakā vinītā assāsappattā paṭijānanti ajjhāsayaṁ ādibrahmacariyaṁ. Iṅgha tvaṁ maṁ, nigrodha, sake ācariyake adhijegucche pañhaṁ puccha: ‘kathaṁ santā nu kho, bhante, tapojigucchā paripuṇṇā hoti, kathaṁ aparipuṇṇā’”ti? Evaṁ vutte, te paribbājakā unnādino uccāsaddamahāsaddā ahesuṁ: “acchariyaṁ vata bho, abbhutaṁ vata bho, samaṇassa gotamassa mahiddhikatā mahānubhāvatā, yatra hi nāma sakavādaṁ ṭhapessati, paravādena pavāressatī”ti.

2. Mortification in Disgust of Sin

Then the Buddha went up to the wanderer Nigrodha, who said to him, “Let the Blessed One come, sir! Welcome to the Blessed One, sir! It’s been a long time since you took the opportunity to come here. Please, sir, sit down, here, a seat is ready.” The Buddha sat down on the seat spread out, while Nigrodha took a low seat and sat to one side. The Buddha said to him, “Nigrodha, what were you sitting talking about just now? What conversation was left unfinished?” Nigrodha said, “Well, sir, I saw you walking mindfully and said: ‘If the ascetic Gotama comes, I’ll ask him this question: “Sir, what teaching do you use to guide your disciples, through which they claim solace in the fundamental goal of the spiritual life?”’ This is the conversation that was unfinished when the Buddha arrived.” “It’s hard for you to understand this, Nigrodha, since you have a different view, creed, and belief, and another discipline and denomination. Please ask me a question about the higher disgust of sin in your own denomination: ‘How are the conditions for the fervent mortification in disgust of sin completed, and how are they incomplete?’” When he said this, those wanderers made an uproar, “Oh lord, how incredible, how amazing! The ascetic Gotama has such power and might! For he sets aside his own doctrine and invites discussion on the doctrine of others!”

Atha kho nigrodho paribbājako te paribbājake appasadde katvā bhagavantaṁ etadavoca: “mayaṁ kho, bhante, tapojigucchāvādā tapojigucchāsārā tapojigucchāallīnā viharāma. Kathaṁ santā nu kho, bhante, tapojigucchā paripuṇṇā hoti, kathaṁ aparipuṇṇā”ti? “Idha, nigrodha, tapassī acelako hoti muttācāro, hatthāpalekhano, naehibhaddantiko, natiṭṭhabhaddantiko, nābhihaṭaṁ, na uddissakataṁ, na nimantanaṁ sādiyati, so na kumbhimukhā paṭiggaṇhāti, na kaḷopimukhā paṭiggaṇhāti, na eḷakamantaraṁ, na daṇḍamantaraṁ, na musalamantaraṁ, na dvinnaṁ bhuñjamānānaṁ, na gabbhiniyā, na pāyamānāya, na purisantaragatāya, na saṅkittīsu, na yattha sā upaṭṭhito hoti, na yattha makkhikā saṇḍasaṇḍacārinī, na macchaṁ, na maṁsaṁ, na suraṁ, na merayaṁ, na thusodakaṁ pivati, so ekāgāriko vā hoti ekālopiko, dvāgāriko vā hoti dvālopiko, sattāgāriko vā hoti sattālopiko, ekissāpi dattiyā yāpeti, dvīhipi dattīhi yāpeti, sattahipi dattīhi yāpeti; ekāhikampi āhāraṁ āhāreti, dvīhikampi āhāraṁ āhāreti, sattāhikampi āhāraṁ āhāreti, iti evarūpaṁ addhamāsikampi pariyāyabhattabhojanānuyogamanuyutto viharati. So sākabhakkho vā hoti, sāmākabhakkho vā hoti, nīvārabhakkho vā hoti, daddulabhakkho vā hoti, haṭabhakkho vā hoti, kaṇabhakkho vā hoti, ācāmabhakkho vā hoti, piññākabhakkho vā hoti, tiṇabhakkho vā hoti, gomayabhakkho vā hoti; vanamūlaphalāhāro yāpeti pavattaphalabhojī. So sāṇānipi dhāreti, masāṇānipi dhāreti, chavadussānipi dhāreti, paṁsukūlānipi dhāreti, tirīṭānipi dhāreti, ajinampi dhāreti, ajinakkhipampi dhāreti, kusacīrampi dhāreti, vākacīrampi dhāreti, phalakacīrampi dhāreti, kesakambalampi dhāreti, vāḷakambalampi dhāreti, ulūkapakkhampi dhāreti, kesamassulocakopi hoti kesamassulocanānuyogamanuyutto, ubbhaṭṭhakopi hoti āsanapaṭikkhitto, ukkuṭikopi hoti ukkuṭikappadhānamanuyutto, kaṇṭakāpassayikopi hoti kaṇṭakāpassaye seyyaṁ kappeti, phalakaseyyampi kappeti, thaṇḍilaseyyampi kappeti, ekapassayikopi hoti rajojalladharo, abbhokāsikopi hoti yathāsanthatiko, vekaṭikopi hoti vikaṭabhojanānuyogamanuyutto, apānakopi hoti apānakattamanuyutto, sāyatatiyakampi udakorohanānuyogamanuyutto viharati. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha, yadi evaṁ sante tapojigucchā paripuṇṇā vā hoti aparipuṇṇā vā”ti? “Addhā kho, bhante, evaṁ sante tapojigucchā paripuṇṇā hoti, no aparipuṇṇā”ti. “Evaṁ paripuṇṇāyapi kho ahaṁ, nigrodha, tapojigucchāya anekavihite upakkilese vadāmī”ti.

Then Nigrodha, having quieted those wanderers, said to the Buddha, “Sir, we teach fervent mortification in disgust of sin, regarding it as essential and sticking to it. How are the conditions for the fervent mortification in disgust of sin completed, and how are they incomplete?” “Nigrodha, it’s when a mortifier goes naked, ignoring conventions. They lick their hands, and don’t come or wait when called. They don’t consent to food brought to them, or food prepared on their behalf, or an invitation for a meal. They don’t receive anything from a pot or bowl; or from someone who keeps sheep, or who has a weapon or a shovel in their home; or where a couple is eating; or where there is a woman who is pregnant, breast-feeding, or who lives with a man; or where there’s a hound waiting or flies buzzing. They accept no fish or meat or beer or wine, and drink no fermented gruel. They go to just one house for alms, taking just one mouthful, or two houses and two mouthfuls, up to seven houses and seven mouthfuls. They feed on one saucer a day, two saucers a day, up to seven saucers a day. They eat once a day, once every second day, up to once a week, and so on, even up to once a fortnight. They live committed to the practice of eating food at set intervals. They eat herbs, millet, wild rice, poor rice, water lettuce, rice bran, scum from boiling rice, sesame flour, grass, or cow dung. They survive on forest roots and fruits, or eating fallen fruit. They wear robes of sunn hemp, mixed hemp, corpse-wrapping cloth, rags, lodh tree bark, antelope hide (whole or in strips), kusa grass, bark, wood-chips, human hair, horse-tail hair, or owls’ wings. They tear out their hair and beard, committed to this practice. They constantly stand, turning down seats. They squat, committed to the endeavor of squatting. They lie on a mat of thorns, making a mat of thorns their bed. They make their bed on a plank, or the bare ground. They lie only on one side. They wear dust and dirt. They stay in the open air. They sleep wherever they lay their mat. They eat unnatural things, committed to the practice of eating unnatural foods. They don’t drink, committed to the practice of not drinking liquids. They’re devoted to ritual bathing three times a day, including at dusk. What do you think, Nigrodha? If this is so, is the fervent mortification in disgust of sin complete, or incomplete?” “Clearly, sir, if that is so the fervent mortification in disgust of sin is complete, not incomplete.” “But even such a completed mortification has many defects, I say.”

2.1. Upakkilesa

“Yathā kathaṁ pana, bhante, bhagavā evaṁ paripuṇṇāya tapojigucchāya anekavihite upakkilese vadatī”ti? “Idha, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā attānukkaṁseti paraṁ vambheti. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā attānukkaṁseti paraṁ vambheti. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā majjati mucchati pamādamāpajjati. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā majjati mucchati pamādamāpajjati. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti.

2.1. Defects

“But how does the Buddha say that even such a completed mortification has many defects?” “Firstly, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They’re happy with that, as they’ve got all they wished for. This is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They glorify themselves and put others down on account of that. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They become indulgent and infatuated and fall into negligence on account of that. This too is a defect in that mortifier.

Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena attamano hoti paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena attānukkaṁseti paraṁ vambheti. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena attānukkaṁseti paraṁ vambheti. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena majjati mucchati pamādamāpajjati. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena majjati mucchati pamādamāpajjati. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī bhojanesu vodāsaṁ āpajjati: ‘idaṁ me khamati, idaṁ me nakkhamatī’ti. So yañca khvassa nakkhamati, taṁ sāpekkho pajahati. Yaṁ panassa khamati, taṁ gadhito mucchito ajjhāpanno anādīnavadassāvī anissaraṇapañño paribhuñjati …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati lābhasakkārasilokanikantihetu: ‘sakkarissanti maṁ rājāno rājamahāmattā khattiyā brāhmaṇā gahapatikā titthiyā’ti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti.

Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They generate possessions, honor, and popularity through that mortification. They’re happy with that, as they’ve got all they wished for. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They generate possessions, honor, and popularity through that mortification. They glorify themselves and put others down on account of that. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They generate possessions, honor, and popularity through that mortification. They become indulgent and infatuated and fall into negligence on account of that. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier becomes fussy about food, saying, ‘This is acceptable to me, this is not acceptable to me.’ What is not acceptable they give up in expectation. But what is acceptable they eat tied, infatuated, attached, blind to the drawbacks, and not understanding the escape. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification out of longing for possessions, honor, and popularity, thinking, ‘Kings, royal ministers, aristocrats, brahmins, householders, and sectarians will honor me!’ This too is a defect in that mortifier.

Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī aññataraṁ samaṇaṁ vā brāhmaṇaṁ vā apasādetā hoti: ‘kiṁ panāyaṁ sambahulājīvo sabbaṁ sambhakkheti. Seyyathidaṁ—mūlabījaṁ khandhabījaṁ phaḷubījaṁ aggabījaṁ bījabījameva pañcamaṁ, asanivicakkaṁ dantakūṭaṁ, samaṇappavādenā’ti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī passati aññataraṁ samaṇaṁ vā brāhmaṇaṁ vā kulesu sakkariyamānaṁ garukariyamānaṁ māniyamānaṁ pūjiyamānaṁ. Disvā tassa evaṁ hoti: ‘imañhi nāma sambahulājīvaṁ kulesu sakkaronti garuṁ karonti mānenti pūjenti. Maṁ pana tapassiṁ lūkhājīviṁ kulesu na sakkaronti na garuṁ karonti na mānenti na pūjentī’ti, iti so issāmacchariyaṁ kulesu uppādetā hoti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī āpāthakanisādī hoti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī attānaṁ adassayamāno kulesu carati: ‘idampi me tapasmiṁ idampi me tapasmin’ti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī kiñcideva paṭicchannaṁ sevati. So ‘khamati te idan’ti puṭṭho samāno akkhamamānaṁ āha: ‘khamatī’ti. Khamamānaṁ āha: ‘nakkhamatī’ti. Iti so sampajānamusā bhāsitā hoti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti.

Furthermore, a mortifier rebukes a certain ascetic or brahmin, ‘What is it with this one living in abundance, devouring everything— plants propagated from roots, trunks, cuttings, or joints; and those from regular seeds as the fifth. According to this ascetic’s doctrine, the crown of the tooth is forked lightning!’ This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier sees a certain ascetic or brahmin being honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families. They think, ‘This one, who lives in abundance, is honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families. But I, a fervent mortifier who lives rough, am not honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families.’ Thus they give rise to jealousy and stinginess regarding families. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier sits meditation only when people can see them. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier sneaks about among families, thinking, ‘This is part of my mortification; this is part of my mortification.’ This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier sometimes behaves in an underhand manner. When asked whether something is acceptable to them, they say it is, even though it isn’t. Or they say it isn’t, even though it is. Thus they tell a deliberate lie. This too is a defect in that mortifier.

Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tathāgatassa vā tathāgatasāvakassa vā dhammaṁ desentassa santaṁyeva pariyāyaṁ anuññeyyaṁ nānujānāti …pe… ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī kodhano hoti upanāhī. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī kodhano hoti upanāhī. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī makkhī hoti paḷāsī …pe… issukī hoti maccharī … saṭho hoti māyāvī … thaddho hoti atimānī … pāpiccho hoti pāpikānaṁ icchānaṁ vasaṁ gato … micchādiṭṭhiko hoti antaggāhikāya diṭṭhiyā samannāgato … sandiṭṭhiparāmāsī hoti ādhānaggāhī duppaṭinissaggī. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī sandiṭṭhiparāmāsī hoti ādhānaggāhī duppaṭinissaggī. Ayampi kho, nigrodha, tapassino upakkileso hoti. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha, yadime tapojigucchā upakkilesā vā anupakkilesā vā”ti? “Addhā kho ime, bhante, tapojigucchā upakkilesā, no anupakkilesā. Ṭhānaṁ kho panetaṁ, bhante, vijjati yaṁ idhekacco tapassī sabbeheva imehi upakkilesehi samannāgato assa; ko pana vādo aññataraññatarenā”ti.

Furthermore, a mortifier disagrees with the way that the Realized One or their disciple teaches Dhamma, even when they make a valid point. This too is a defect in that mortifier. Furthermore, a mortifier is irritable and acrimonious … offensive and contemptuous … jealous and stingy … devious and deceitful … obstinate and arrogant … they have corrupt wishes, falling under the sway of corrupt wishes … they have wrong view, being attached to an extremist view … they’re attached to their own views, holding them tight, and refusing to let go. This too is a defect in that mortifier. What do you think, Nigrodha? Are such mortifications defective or not?” “Clearly, sir, they’re defective. It’s possible that a mortifier might have all of these defects, let alone one or other of them.”

2.2. Parisuddhapapaṭikappattakathā

“Idha, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā na attamano hoti na paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā na attamano hoti na paripuṇṇasaṅkappo. Evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā na attānukkaṁseti na paraṁ vambheti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā na majjati na mucchati na pamādamāpajjati …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena na attamano hoti na paripuṇṇasaṅkappo …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena na attānukkaṁseti na paraṁ vambheti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tapaṁ samādiyati, so tena tapasā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ abhinibbatteti, so tena lābhasakkārasilokena na majjati na mucchati na pamādamāpajjati …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī bhojanesu na vodāsaṁ āpajjati: ‘idaṁ me khamati, idaṁ me nakkhamatī’ti. So yañca khvassa nakkhamati, taṁ anapekkho pajahati. Yaṁ panassa khamati, taṁ agadhito amucchito anajjhāpanno ādīnavadassāvī nissaraṇapañño paribhuñjati …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī na tapaṁ samādiyati lābhasakkārasilokanikantihetu: ‘sakkarissanti maṁ rājāno rājamahāmattā khattiyā brāhmaṇā gahapatikā titthiyā’ti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī aññataraṁ samaṇaṁ vā brāhmaṇaṁ vā nāpasādetā hoti: ‘kiṁ panāyaṁ sambahulājīvo sabbaṁ sambhakkheti. Seyyathidaṁ—mūlabījaṁ khandhabījaṁ phaḷubījaṁ aggabījaṁ bījabījameva pañcamaṁ, asanivicakkaṁ dantakūṭaṁ, samaṇappavādenā’ti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti.

2.2. On Reaching the Shoots

“Firstly, Nigrodha, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. But they’re not happy with that, as they still haven’t got all they wished for. So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They don’t glorify themselves or put others down on account of that. So they’re pure on that point. They don’t become indulgent … Furthermore, a mortifier undertakes a practice of mortification. They generate possessions, honor, and popularity through that mortification. They’re not happy with that, as they still haven’t got all they wished for … They don’t glorify themselves and put others down on account of possessions, honor, and popularity … They don’t become indulgent because of it … So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier doesn’t become fussy about food, saying, ‘This is acceptable to me, this is not acceptable to me.’ What is not acceptable they give up without concern. But what is acceptable they eat without being tied, infatuated, attached, seeing the drawbacks, and understanding the escape. So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier doesn’t undertake a practice of mortification out of longing for possessions, honor, and popularity … ‘Kings, royal ministers, aristocrats, brahmins, householders, and sectarians will honor me!’ So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier doesn’t rebuke a certain ascetic or brahmin, ‘What is it with this one living in abundance, devouring everything— plants propagated from roots, trunks, cuttings, or joints; and those from regular seeds as the fifth. According to this ascetic’s doctrine, the crown of the tooth is like forked lightning!’ So they’re pure on that point.

Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī passati aññataraṁ samaṇaṁ vā brāhmaṇaṁ vā kulesu sakkariyamānaṁ garu kariyamānaṁ māniyamānaṁ pūjiyamānaṁ. Disvā tassa na evaṁ hoti: ‘imañhi nāma sambahulājīvaṁ kulesu sakkaronti garuṁ karonti mānenti pūjenti. Maṁ pana tapassiṁ lūkhājīviṁ kulesu na sakkaronti na garuṁ karonti na mānenti na pūjentī’ti, iti so issāmacchariyaṁ kulesu nuppādetā hoti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī na āpāthakanisādī hoti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī na attānaṁ adassayamāno kulesu carati: ‘idampi me tapasmiṁ, idampi me tapasmin’ti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī na kiñcideva paṭicchannaṁ sevati, so: ‘khamati te idan’ti puṭṭho samāno akkhamamānaṁ āha: ‘nakkhamatī’ti. Khamamānaṁ āha: ‘khamatī’ti. Iti so sampajānamusā na bhāsitā hoti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti.

Furthermore, a mortifier sees a certain ascetic or brahmin being honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families. It never occurs to them, ‘This one, who lives in abundance, is honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families. But I, a fervent mortifier who lives rough, am not honored, respected, esteemed, and venerated among good families.’ Thus they don’t give rise to jealousy and stinginess regarding families. So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier doesn’t sit meditation only when people can see them. So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier doesn’t sneak about among families, thinking, ‘This is part of my mortification; this is part of my mortification.’ So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier never behaves in an underhand manner. When asked whether something is acceptable to them, they say it isn’t when it isn’t. Or they say it is when it is. Thus they don’t tell a deliberate lie. So they’re pure on that point.

Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī tathāgatassa vā tathāgatasāvakassa vā dhammaṁ desentassa santaṁyeva pariyāyaṁ anuññeyyaṁ anujānāti …pe… evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī akkodhano hoti anupanāhī. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī akkodhano hoti anupanāhī evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Puna caparaṁ, nigrodha, tapassī amakkhī hoti apaḷāsī …pe… anissukī hoti amaccharī … asaṭho hoti amāyāvī … atthaddho hoti anatimānī … na pāpiccho hoti na pāpikānaṁ icchānaṁ vasaṁ gato … na micchādiṭṭhiko hoti na antaggāhikāya diṭṭhiyā samannāgato … na sandiṭṭhiparāmāsī hoti na ādhānaggāhī suppaṭinissaggī. Yampi, nigrodha, tapassī na sandiṭṭhiparāmāsī hoti na ādhānaggāhī suppaṭinissaggī. Evaṁ so tasmiṁ ṭhāne parisuddho hoti. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha, yadi evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā vā hoti aparisuddhā vā”ti? “Addhā kho, bhante, evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā hoti no aparisuddhā, aggappattā ca sārappattā cā”ti. “Na kho, nigrodha, ettāvatā tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca; api ca kho papaṭikappattā hotī”ti.

Furthermore, a mortifier agrees with the way that the Realized One or their disciple teaches Dhamma when they make a valid point. So they’re pure on that point. Furthermore, a mortifier is not irritable and acrimonious … offensive and contemptuous … jealous and stingy … devious and deceitful … obstinate and arrogant … they don’t have corrupt wishes … and wrong view … they’re not attached to their own views, holding them tight, and refusing to let go. So they’re pure on that point. What do you think, Nigrodha? If this is so, is the fervent mortification in disgust of sin purified or not?” “Clearly, sir, it is purified. It has reached the peak and the pith.” “No, Nigrodha, at this point the fervent mortification in disgust of sin has not yet reached the peak and the pith. Rather, it has only reached the shoots.”

2.3. Parisuddhatacappattakathā

“Kittāvatā pana, bhante, tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca? Sādhu me, bhante, bhagavā tapojigucchāya aggaññeva pāpetu, sāraññeva pāpetū”ti. “Idha, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti. Kathañca, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti? Idha, nigrodha, tapassī na pāṇaṁ atipāteti, na pāṇaṁ atipātayati, na pāṇamatipātayato samanuñño hoti. Na adinnaṁ ādiyati, na adinnaṁ ādiyāpeti, na adinnaṁ ādiyato samanuñño hoti. Na musā bhaṇati, na musā bhaṇāpeti, na musā bhaṇato samanuñño hoti. Na bhāvitamāsīsati, na bhāvitamāsīsāpeti, na bhāvitamāsīsato samanuñño hoti. Evaṁ kho, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti. Yato kho, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti, aduṁ cassa hoti tapassitāya. So abhiharati no hīnāyāvattati. So vivittaṁ senāsanaṁ bhajati araññaṁ rukkhamūlaṁ pabbataṁ kandaraṁ giriguhaṁ susānaṁ vanapatthaṁ abbhokāsaṁ palālapuñjaṁ. So pacchābhattaṁ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto nisīdati pallaṅkaṁ ābhujitvā ujuṁ kāyaṁ paṇidhāya parimukhaṁ satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvā. So abhijjhaṁ loke pahāya vigatābhijjhena cetasā viharati, abhijjhāya cittaṁ parisodheti. Byāpādappadosaṁ pahāya abyāpannacitto viharati sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī, byāpādappadosā cittaṁ parisodheti. Thinamiddhaṁ pahāya vigatathinamiddho viharati ālokasaññī sato sampajāno, thinamiddhā cittaṁ parisodheti. Uddhaccakukkuccaṁ pahāya anuddhato viharati ajjhattaṁ vūpasantacitto, uddhaccakukkuccā cittaṁ parisodheti. Vicikicchaṁ pahāya tiṇṇavicikiccho viharati akathaṅkathī kusalesu dhammesu, vicikicchāya cittaṁ parisodheti.

2.3. On Reaching the Bark

“But at what point, sir, does the fervent mortification in disgust of sin reach the peak and the pith? Please help me reach the peak and the pith!” “Nigrodha, take a mortifier who is restrained in the fourfold constraint. And how is a mortifier restrained in the fourfold constraint? It’s when a mortifier doesn’t kill living creatures, doesn’t get others to kill, and doesn’t approve of killing. They don’t steal, get others to steal, or approve of stealing. They don’t lie, get others to lie, or approve of lying. They don’t expect rewards from their practice, they don’t lead others to expect rewards, and they don’t approve of expecting rewards. That’s how a mortifier is restrained in the fourfold constraint. When a mortifier is restrained in the fourfold constraint, that is their mortification. They step forward, not falling back. They frequent a secluded lodging—a wilderness, the root of a tree, a hill, a ravine, a mountain cave, a charnel ground, a forest, the open air, a heap of straw. After the meal, they return from almsround, sit down cross-legged, set their body straight, and bring mindfulness to the present. Giving up covetousness for the world, they meditate with a heart rid of covetousness, cleansing the mind of covetousness. Giving up ill will and malevolence, they meditate with a mind rid of ill will, full of sympathy for all living beings, cleansing the mind of ill will. Giving up dullness and drowsiness, they meditate with a mind rid of dullness and drowsiness, perceiving light, mindful and aware, cleansing the mind of dullness and drowsiness. Giving up restlessness and remorse, they meditate without restlessness, their mind settled internally, cleansing the mind of restlessness and remorse. Giving up doubt, they meditate having gone beyond doubt, not undecided about skillful qualities, cleansing the mind of doubt.

So ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahāya cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe mettāsahagatena cetasā ekaṁ disaṁ pharitvā viharati. Tathā dutiyaṁ. Tathā tatiyaṁ. Tathā catutthaṁ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṁ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṁ lokaṁ mettāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. Karuṇāsahagatena cetasā …pe… muditāsahagatena cetasā …pe… upekkhāsahagatena cetasā ekaṁ disaṁ pharitvā viharati. Tathā dutiyaṁ. Tathā tatiyaṁ. Tathā catutthaṁ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṁ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṁ lokaṁ upekkhāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha. Yadi evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā vā hoti aparisuddhā vā”ti? “Addhā kho, bhante, evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā hoti no aparisuddhā, aggappattā ca sārappattā cā”ti. “Na kho, nigrodha, ettāvatā tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca; api ca kho tacappattā hotī”ti.

They give up these five hindrances, corruptions of the heart that weaken wisdom. Then they meditate spreading a heart full of love to one direction, and to the second, and to the third, and to the fourth. In the same way above, below, across, everywhere, all around, they spread a heart full of love to the whole world—abundant, expansive, limitless, free of enmity and ill will. They meditate spreading a heart full of compassion … They meditate spreading a heart full of rejoicing … They meditate spreading a heart full of equanimity to one direction, and to the second, and to the third, and to the fourth. In the same way above, below, across, everywhere, all around, they spread a heart full of equanimity to the whole world—abundant, expansive, limitless, free of enmity and ill will. What do you think, Nigrodha? If this is so, is the fervent mortification in disgust of sin purified or not?” “Clearly, sir, it is purified. It has reached the peak and the pith.” “No, Nigrodha, at this point the fervent mortification in disgust of sin has not yet reached the peak and the pith. Rather, it has only reached the bark.”

2.4. Parisuddhaphegguppattakathā

“Kittāvatā pana, bhante, tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca? Sādhu me, bhante, bhagavā tapojigucchāya aggaññeva pāpetu, sāraññeva pāpetū”ti. “Idha, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti. Kathañca, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti …pe… yato kho, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti, aduṁ cassa hoti tapassitāya. So abhiharati no hīnāyāvattati. So vivittaṁ senāsanaṁ bhajati …pe… so ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahāya cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe mettāsahagatena cetasā …pe… karuṇāsahagatena cetasā …pe… muditāsahagatena cetasā …pe… upekkhāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. So anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarati seyyathidaṁ—ekampi jātiṁ dvepi jātiyo tissopi jātiyo catassopi jātiyo pañcapi jātiyo dasapi jātiyo vīsampi jātiyo tiṁsampi jātiyo cattālīsampi jātiyo paññāsampi jātiyo jātisatampi jātisahassampi jātisatasahassampi anekepi saṁvaṭṭakappe anekepi vivaṭṭakappe anekepi saṁvaṭṭavivaṭṭakappe: ‘amutrāsiṁ evaṁnāmo evaṅgotto evaṁvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṁsukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī evamāyupariyanto, so tato cuto amutra udapādiṁ, tatrāpāsiṁ evaṁnāmo evaṅgotto evaṁvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṁsukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī evamāyupariyanto, so tato cuto idhūpapanno’ti. Iti sākāraṁ sauddesaṁ anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarati. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha, yadi evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā vā hoti aparisuddhā vā”ti? “Addhā kho, bhante, evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā hoti, no aparisuddhā, aggappattā ca sārappattā cā”ti. “Na kho, nigrodha, ettāvatā tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca; api ca kho phegguppattā hotī”ti.

2.4. On Reaching the Softwood

“But at what point, sir, does the fervent mortification in disgust of sin reach the peak and the pith? Please help me reach the peak and the pith!” “Nigrodha, take a mortifier who is restrained in the fourfold constraint. They give up these five hindrances, corruptions of the heart that weaken wisdom. Then they meditate spreading a heart full of love … compassion … rejoicing … equanimity. They recollect many kinds of past lives, that is, one, two, three, four, five, ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, a hundred, a thousand, a hundred thousand rebirths; many eons of the world contracting, many eons of the world expanding, many eons of the world contracting and expanding. They remember: ‘There, I was named this, my clan was that, I looked like this, and that was my food. This was how I felt pleasure and pain, and that was how my life ended. When I passed away from that place I was reborn somewhere else. There, too, I was named this, my clan was that, I looked like this, and that was my food. This was how I felt pleasure and pain, and that was how my life ended. When I passed away from that place I was reborn here.’ And so they recollect their many kinds of past lives, with features and details. What do you think, Nigrodha? If this is so, is the fervent mortification in disgust of sin purified or not?” “Clearly, sir, it is purified. It has reached the peak and the pith.” “No, Nigrodha, at this point the fervent mortification in disgust of sin has not yet reached the peak and the pith. Rather, it has only reached the softwood.”

3. Parisuddhaaggappattasārappattakathā

“Kittāvatā pana, bhante, tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca? Sādhu me, bhante, bhagavā tapojigucchāya aggaññeva pāpetu, sāraññeva pāpetū”ti. “Idha, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti. Kathañca, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti …pe… yato kho, nigrodha, tapassī cātuyāmasaṁvarasaṁvuto hoti, aduṁ cassa hoti tapassitāya. So abhiharati no hīnāyāvattati. So vivittaṁ senāsanaṁ bhajati …pe… so ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahāya cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe mettāsahagatena cetasā …pe… upekkhāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. So anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarati. Seyyathidaṁ—ekampi jātiṁ dvepi jātiyo tissopi jātiyo catassopi jātiyo pañcapi jātiyo …pe… iti sākāraṁ sauddesaṁ anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarati. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti: ‘ime vata bhonto sattā kāyaduccaritena samannāgatā vacīduccaritena samannāgatā manoduccaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṁ upavādakā micchādiṭṭhikā micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānā. Te kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā apāyaṁ duggatiṁ vinipātaṁ nirayaṁ upapannā. Ime vā pana bhonto sattā kāyasucaritena samannāgatā vacīsucaritena samannāgatā manosucaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṁ anupavādakā sammādiṭṭhikā sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānā. Te kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapannā’ti. Iti dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti. Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha, yadi evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā vā hoti aparisuddhā vā”ti? “Addhā kho, bhante, evaṁ sante tapojigucchā parisuddhā hoti no aparisuddhā, aggappattā ca sārappattā cā”ti. “Ettāvatā kho, nigrodha, tapojigucchā aggappattā ca hoti sārappattā ca. Iti kho, nigrodha, yaṁ maṁ tvaṁ avacāsi: ‘ko nāma so, bhante, bhagavato dhammo, yena bhagavā sāvake vineti, yena bhagavatā sāvakā vinītā assāsappattā paṭijānanti ajjhāsayaṁ ādibrahmacariyan’ti. Iti kho taṁ, nigrodha, ṭhānaṁ uttaritarañca paṇītatarañca, yenāhaṁ sāvake vinemi, yena mayā sāvakā vinītā assāsappattā paṭijānanti ajjhāsayaṁ ādibrahmacariyan”ti. Evaṁ vutte, te paribbājakā unnādino uccāsaddamahāsaddā ahesuṁ: “ettha mayaṁ anassāma sācariyakā, na mayaṁ ito bhiyyo uttaritaraṁ pajānāmā”ti.

3. On Reaching the Heartwood

“But at what point, sir, does the fervent mortification in disgust of sin reach the peak and the pith? Please help me reach the peak and the pith!” “Nigrodha, take a mortifier who is restrained in the fourfold constraint. They give up these five hindrances, corruptions of the heart that weaken wisdom. Then they meditate spreading a heart full of love … equanimity … They recollect many kinds of past lives, with features and details. With clairvoyance that is purified and superhuman, they see sentient beings passing away and being reborn—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, in a good place or a bad place. They understand how sentient beings pass on according to their deeds: ‘These dear beings did bad things by way of body, speech, and mind. They denounced the noble ones; they had wrong view; and they chose to act out of that wrong view. When their body broke up, after death, they were reborn in a place of loss, a bad place, the underworld, hell. These dear beings, however, did good things by way of body, speech, and mind. They never denounced the noble ones; they had right view; and they chose to act out of that right view. When their body broke up, after death, they were reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm.’ And so, with clairvoyance that is purified and superhuman, they see sentient beings passing away and being reborn—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, in a good place or a bad place. They understand how sentient beings pass on according to their deeds. What do you think, Nigrodha? If this is so, is the fervent mortification in disgust of sin purified or not?” “Clearly, sir, it is purified. It has reached the peak and the pith.” “Nigrodha, at this point the fervent mortification in disgust of sin has reached the peak and the pith. Nigrodha, remember you said this to me: ‘Sir, what teaching do you use to guide your disciples, through which they claim solace in the fundamental goal of the spiritual life?’ Well, there is something better and finer than this. That’s what I use to guide my disciples, through which they claim solace in the fundamental goal of the spiritual life.” When he said this, those wanderers made an uproar, “In that case, we’re lost, and so is our denomination! We don’t know anything better or finer than that!”

4. Nigrodhassapajjhāyana

Yadā aññāsi sandhāno gahapati: “aññadatthu kho dānime aññatitthiyā paribbājakā bhagavato bhāsitaṁ sussūsanti, sotaṁ odahanti, aññācittaṁ upaṭṭhāpentī”ti. Atha nigrodhaṁ paribbājakaṁ etadavoca: “iti kho, bhante nigrodha, yaṁ maṁ tvaṁ avacāsi: ‘yagghe, gahapati, jāneyyāsi, kena samaṇo gotamo saddhiṁ sallapati, kena sākacchaṁ samāpajjati, kena paññāveyyattiyaṁ samāpajjati, suññāgārahatā samaṇassa gotamassa paññā, aparisāvacaro samaṇo gotamo nālaṁ sallāpāya, so antamantāneva sevati; seyyathāpi nāma gokāṇā pariyantacārinī antamantāneva sevati. Evameva suññāgārahatā samaṇassa gotamassa paññā, aparisāvacaro samaṇo gotamo nālaṁ sallāpāya; so antamantāneva sevati; iṅgha, gahapati, samaṇo gotamo imaṁ parisaṁ āgaccheyya, ekapañheneva naṁ saṁsādeyyāma, tucchakumbhīva naṁ maññe orodheyyāmā’ti. Ayaṁ kho so, bhante, bhagavā arahaṁ sammāsambuddho idhānuppatto, aparisāvacaraṁ pana naṁ karotha, gokāṇaṁ pariyantacāriniṁ karotha, ekapañheneva naṁ saṁsādetha, tucchakumbhīva naṁ orodhethā”ti. Evaṁ vutte, nigrodho paribbājako tuṇhībhūto maṅkubhūto pattakkhandho adhomukho pajjhāyanto appaṭibhāno nisīdi.

4. Nigrodha Feels Depressed

Then the householder Sandhāna realized, “Obviously, now these wanderers want to listen to what the Buddha says. They’re actively listening and trying to understand!” So he said to the wanderer Nigrodha, “Honorable Nigrodha, remember you said this to me: ‘Surely, householder, you should know better! With whom does the ascetic Gotama converse? With whom does he engage in discussion? With whom does he achieve lucidity of wisdom? Staying in empty huts has destroyed the ascetic Gotama’s wisdom. Not frequenting assemblies, he is unable to hold a discussion. He just lurks on the periphery. He’s just like a one-eyed cow, circling around and lurking on the periphery. Please, householder, let the ascetic Gotama come to this assembly. I’ll sink him with just one question! I’ll roll him over and wrap him up like a hollow pot!’ Now the Blessed One, perfected and fully awakened, has arrived here. Why don’t you send him out of the assembly to the periphery like a one-eyed cow? Why don’t you sink him with just one question? Why don’t you roll him over and wrap him up like a hollow pot?” When he said this, Nigrodha sat silent, dismayed, shoulders drooping, downcast, depressed, with nothing to say.

Atha kho bhagavā nigrodhaṁ paribbājakaṁ tuṇhībhūtaṁ maṅkubhūtaṁ pattakkhandhaṁ adhomukhaṁ pajjhāyantaṁ appaṭibhānaṁ viditvā nigrodhaṁ paribbājakaṁ etadavoca: “saccaṁ kira, nigrodha, bhāsitā te esā vācā”ti? “Saccaṁ, bhante, bhāsitā me esā vācā, yathābālena yathāmūḷhena yathāakusalenā”ti. “Taṁ kiṁ maññasi, nigrodha. Kinti te sutaṁ paribbājakānaṁ vuḍḍhānaṁ mahallakānaṁ ācariyapācariyānaṁ bhāsamānānaṁ: ‘ye te ahesuṁ atītamaddhānaṁ arahanto sammāsambuddhā, evaṁ su te bhagavanto saṅgamma samāgamma unnādino uccāsaddamahāsaddā anekavihitaṁ tiracchānakathaṁ anuyuttā viharanti. Seyyathidaṁ—rājakathaṁ corakathaṁ …pe… itibhavābhavakathaṁ iti vā. Seyyathāpi tvaṁ etarahi sācariyako. Udāhu, evaṁ su te bhagavanto araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti appasaddāni appanigghosāni vijanavātāni manussarāhasseyyakāni paṭisallānasāruppāni, seyyathāpāhaṁ etarahī’”ti. “Sutaṁ metaṁ, bhante. Paribbājakānaṁ vuḍḍhānaṁ mahallakānaṁ ācariyapācariyānaṁ bhāsamānānaṁ: ‘ye te ahesuṁ atītamaddhānaṁ arahanto sammāsambuddhā, na evaṁ su te bhagavanto saṅgamma samāgamma unnādino uccāsaddamahāsaddā anekavihitaṁ tiracchānakathaṁ anuyuttā viharanti. Seyyathidaṁ—rājakathaṁ corakathaṁ …pe… itibhavābhavakathaṁ iti vā, seyyathāpāhaṁ etarahi sācariyako. Evaṁ su te bhagavanto araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti appasaddāni appanigghosāni vijanavātāni manussarāhasseyyakāni paṭisallānasāruppāni, seyyathāpi bhagavā etarahī’”ti. “Tassa te, nigrodha, viññussa sato mahallakassa na etadahosi: ‘buddho so bhagavā bodhāya dhammaṁ deseti, danto so bhagavā damathāya dhammaṁ deseti, santo so bhagavā samathāya dhammaṁ deseti, tiṇṇo so bhagavā taraṇāya dhammaṁ deseti, parinibbuto so bhagavā parinibbānāya dhammaṁ desetī’”ti?

Knowing this, the Buddha said to him, “Is it really true, Nigrodha—are those your words?” “It’s true, sir, those are my words. It was foolish, stupid, and unskillful of me.” “What do you think, Nigrodha? Have you heard that wanderers of the past who were elderly and senior, the tutors of tutors, said that when the perfected ones, the fully awakened Buddhas of the past came together, they made an uproar, a colossal racket as they sat and talked about all kinds of low topics, like you do in your denomination these days? Or did they say that the Buddhas frequented remote lodgings in the wilderness and the forest that are quiet and still, far from the madding crowd, remote from human settlements, and fit for retreat, like I do these days?” “I have heard that wanderers of the past who were elderly and senior, said that when the perfected ones, the fully awakened Buddhas of the past came together, they didn’t make an uproar, like I do in my denomination these days. They said that the Buddhas of the past frequented remote lodgings in the wilderness, like the Buddha does these days.” “Nigrodha, you are a sensible and mature man. Did it not occur to you: ‘The Blessed One is awakened, tamed, serene, crossed over, and quenched. And he teaches Dhamma for awakening, taming, serenity, crossing over, and extinguishment’?”

5. Brahmacariyapariyosānasacchikiriyā

Evaṁ vutte, nigrodho paribbājako bhagavantaṁ etadavoca: “accayo maṁ, bhante, accagamā yathābālaṁ yathāmūḷhaṁ yathāakusalaṁ, yvāhaṁ evaṁ bhagavantaṁ avacāsiṁ. Tassa me, bhante, bhagavā accayaṁ accayato paṭiggaṇhātu āyatiṁ saṁvarāyā”ti. “Taggha tvaṁ, nigrodha, accayo accagamā yathābālaṁ yathāmūḷhaṁ yathāakusalaṁ, yo maṁ tvaṁ evaṁ avacāsi. Yato ca kho tvaṁ, nigrodha, accayaṁ accayato disvā yathādhammaṁ paṭikarosi, taṁ te mayaṁ paṭiggaṇhāma. Vuddhi hesā, nigrodha, ariyassa vinaye, yo accayaṁ accayato disvā yathādhammaṁ paṭikaroti āyatiṁ saṁvaraṁ āpajjati. Ahaṁ kho pana, nigrodha, evaṁ vadāmi: ‘Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi ahaṁ dhammaṁ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṁ tathā paṭipajjamāno—yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṁ—brahmacariyapariyosānaṁ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissati sattavassāni. Tiṭṭhantu, nigrodha, satta vassāni. Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi ahaṁ dhammaṁ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṁ tathā paṭipajjamāno—yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṁ—brahmacariyapariyosānaṁ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissati cha vassāni. Pañca vassāni … cattāri vassāni … tīṇi vassāni … dve vassāni … ekaṁ vassaṁ. Tiṭṭhatu, nigrodha, ekaṁ vassaṁ. Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko ahamanusāsāmi ahaṁ dhammaṁ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṁ tathā paṭipajjamāno—yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṁ—brahmacariyapariyosānaṁ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissati satta māsāni. Tiṭṭhantu, nigrodha, satta māsāni … cha māsāni … pañca māsāni … cattāri māsāni … tīṇi māsāni … dve māsāni … ekaṁ māsaṁ … aḍḍhamāsaṁ. Tiṭṭhatu, nigrodha, aḍḍhamāso. Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi ahaṁ dhammaṁ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṁ tathā paṭipajjamāno—yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṁ—brahmacariyapariyosānaṁ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissati sattāhaṁ’.

5. The Culmination of the Spiritual Path

Nigrodha said, “I made a mistake, sir. It was foolish, stupid, and unskillful of me to speak in that way. Please, sir, accept my mistake for what it is, so I will restrain myself in future.” “Indeed, Nigrodha, you made a mistake. It was foolish, stupid, and unskillful of you to speak in that way. But since you have recognized your mistake for what it is, and have dealt with it properly, I accept it. For it is growth in the training of the Noble One to recognize a mistake for what it is, deal with it properly, and commit to restraint in the future. Nigrodha, this is what I say: Let a sensible person come—neither devious nor deceitful, a person of integrity. I teach and instruct them. By practicing as instructed they will realize the supreme culmination of the spiritual path in this very life, in seven years. They will live having achieved with their own insight the goal for which gentlemen rightly go forth from the lay life to homelessness. Let alone seven years. Let a sensible person come—neither devious nor deceitful, a person of integrity. I teach and instruct them. By practicing as instructed they will realize the supreme culmination of the spiritual path in this very life, in six years … five years … four years … three years … two years … one year … seven months … six months … five months … four months … three months … two months … one month … a fortnight. Let alone a fortnight. Let a sensible person come—neither devious nor deceitful, a person of integrity. I teach and instruct them. By practicing as instructed they will realize the supreme culmination of the spiritual path in this very life, in seven days.

6. Paribbājakānaṁpajjhāyana

Siyā kho pana te, nigrodha, evamassa: ‘antevāsikamyatā no samaṇo gotamo evamāhā’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, nigrodha, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Yo eva vo ācariyo, so eva vo ācariyo hotu. Siyā kho pana te, nigrodha, evamassa: ‘uddesā no cāvetukāmo samaṇo gotamo evamāhā’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, nigrodha, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Yo eva vo uddeso so eva vo uddeso hotu. Siyā kho pana te, nigrodha, evamassa: ‘ājīvā no cāvetukāmo samaṇo gotamo evamāhā’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, nigrodha, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Yo eva vo ājīvo, so eva vo ājīvo hotu. Siyā kho pana te, nigrodha, evamassa: ‘ye no dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā sācariyakānaṁ, tesu patiṭṭhāpetukāmo samaṇo gotamo evamāhā’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, nigrodha, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Akusalā ceva vo te dhammā hontu akusalasaṅkhātā ca sācariyakānaṁ. Siyā kho pana te, nigrodha, evamassa: ‘ye no dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā sācariyakānaṁ, tehi vivecetukāmo samaṇo gotamo evamāhā’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, nigrodha, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Kusalā ceva vo te dhammā hontu kusalasaṅkhātā ca sācariyakānaṁ. Iti khvāhaṁ, nigrodha, neva antevāsikamyatā evaṁ vadāmi, napi uddesā cāvetukāmo evaṁ vadāmi, napi ājīvā cāvetukāmo evaṁ vadāmi, napi ye vo dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā sācariyakānaṁ, tesu patiṭṭhāpetukāmo evaṁ vadāmi, napi ye vo dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā sācariyakānaṁ, tehi vivecetukāmo evaṁ vadāmi. Santi ca kho, nigrodha, akusalā dhammā appahīnā saṅkilesikā ponobbhavikā sadarā dukkhavipākā āyatiṁ jātijarāmaraṇiyā, yesāhaṁ pahānāya dhammaṁ desemi. Yathāpaṭipannānaṁ vo saṅkilesikā dhammā pahīyissanti, vodānīyā dhammā abhivaḍḍhissanti, paññāpāripūriṁ vepullattañca diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissathā”ti.

6. The Wanderers Feel Depressed

Nigrodha, you might think, ‘The ascetic Gotama speaks like this because he wants pupils.’ But you should not see it like this. Let your tutor remain your tutor. You might think, ‘The ascetic Gotama speaks like this because he wants us to give up our recitation.’ But you should not see it like this. Let your recitation remain as it is. You might think, ‘The ascetic Gotama speaks like this because he wants us to give up our livelihood.’ But you should not see it like this. Let your livelihood remain as it is. You might think, ‘The ascetic Gotama speaks like this because he wants us to start doing things that are unskillful and considered unskillful in our denomination.’ But you should not see it like this. Let those things that are unskillful and considered unskillful in your denomination remain as they are. You might think, ‘The ascetic Gotama speaks like this because he wants us to stop doing things that are skillful and considered skillful in our denomination.’ But you should not see it like this. Let those things that are skillful and considered skillful in your denomination remain as they are. I do not speak for any of these reasons. Nigrodha, there are things that are unskillful, corrupting, leading to future lives, hurtful, resulting in suffering and future rebirth, old age, and death. I teach Dhamma so that those things may be given up. When you practice accordingly, corrupting qualities will be given up in you and cleansing qualities will grow. You’ll enter and remain in the fullness and abundance of wisdom, having realized it with your own insight in this very life.”

Evaṁ vutte, te paribbājakā tuṇhībhūtā maṅkubhūtā pattakkhandhā adhomukhā pajjhāyantā appaṭibhānā nisīdiṁsu yathā taṁ mārena pariyuṭṭhitacittā. Atha kho bhagavato etadahosi: “sabbepime moghapurisā phuṭṭhā pāpimatā. Yatra hi nāma ekassapi na evaṁ bhavissati: ‘handa mayaṁ aññāṇatthampi samaṇe gotame brahmacariyaṁ carāma, kiṁ karissati sattāho’”ti? Atha kho bhagavā udumbarikāya paribbājakārāme sīhanādaṁ naditvā vehāsaṁ abbhuggantvā gijjhakūṭe pabbate paccupaṭṭhāsi. Sandhāno pana gahapati tāvadeva rājagahaṁ pāvisīti.

When this was said, those wanderers sat silent, dismayed, shoulders drooping, downcast, depressed, with nothing to say, as if their minds were possessed by Māra. Then it occurred to the Buddha, “All these silly people have been touched by the Wicked One! For not even a single one thinks, ‘Come, let us lead the spiritual life under the ascetic Gotama for the sake of enlightenment—for what do seven days matter?’” Then the Buddha, having roared his lion’s roar in the lady Udumbarikā’s monastery for wanderers, rose into the air and landed on Vulture’s Peak. Meanwhile, the householder Sandhāna went right back to Rājagaha.