Bereshit Rabbah 99

לָמָּה תְּרַצְּדוּן הָרִים גַּבְנֻנִּים (תהלים סח, יז), רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי פָּתַר קְרָא בֶּהָרִים, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִתֵּן תּוֹרָה בְּסִינַי הָיוּ הֶהָרִים רָצִים וּמִדַּיְּנִים אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ, זֶה אוֹמֵר עָלַי הַתּוֹרָה נִתֶּנֶת וְזֶה אוֹמֵר עָלַי הַתּוֹרָה נִתֶּנֶת, תָּבוֹר בָּא מִבֵּית אֵלִים, וְכַרְמֶל מֵאַסְפַּמְיָא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה מו, יח): חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' וגו' כִּי כְּתָבוֹר בֶּהָרִים, זֶה אוֹמֵר אֲנִי נִקְרֵאתִי וְזֶה אוֹמֵר אֲנִי נִקְרֵאתִי, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: לָמָּה תְּרַצְּדוּן הָרִים וגו', כֻּלְּכֶם הָרִים אֶלָּא כֻּלְּכֶם גַּבְנֻנִּים, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ויקרא כא, כ): אוֹ גִבֵּן אוֹ דַק, כֻּלְּכֶם נַעֲשָׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים עַל רָאשֵׁיכֶם, אֲבָל סִינַי שֶׁלֹא נַעֲשָׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים עָלָיו (תהלים סח, יז): הָהָר חָמַד אֱלֹהִים לְשִׁבְתּוֹ, (שמות יט, כ): וַיֵּרֶד ה' עַל הַר סִינַי, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן (תהלים סח, יז): אַף ה' יִשְׁכֹּן לָנֶצַח, בְּבֵית עוֹלָמִים. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא פָּתַר קְרָא בַּשְּׁבָטִים, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיוּ הַשְּׁבָטִים רָצִים וּמִדַּיְנִים אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ, זֶה אוֹמֵר בִּתְחוּמִי יִבָּנֶה וְזֶה אוֹמֵר בִּתְחוּמִי יִבָּנֶה, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׁבָטִים לָמָּה תְּרַצְדוּן, כֻּלְּכֶם שְׁבָטִים, כֻּלְּכֶם צַדִּיקִים, אֶלָּא גַּבְנֻנִּים, מַהוּ גַּבְנֻנִּים, גַּנָּבִים. כֻּלְּכֶם הֱיִיתֶם שֻׁתָּפִין בִּמְכִירָתוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף, אֲבָל בִּנְיָמִין שֶׁלֹא נִשְׁתַּתֵּף בִּמְכִירָתוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף (תהלים סח, יז): הָהָר חָמַד אֱלֹהִים לְשִׁבְתּוֹ. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁקֹּדֶם לְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת וְשִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה בְּנֵי קֹרַח מִתְנַבְּאִין עָלֶיהָ שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹךְ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל בִּנְיָמִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים פד, ג): נִכְסְפָה וְגַם כָּלְתָה נַפְשִׁי, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קלב, ו): הִנֵּה שְׁמַעֲנוּהָ בְאֶפְרָתָה וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִבְנָה בְּתוֹךְ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל יְהוּדָה, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א יז, יב): אֶפְרָתִי מִבֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁל מִי שֶׁמֵּתָה בְּאֶפְרָתָה, וּמִי מֵתָה בְּאֶפְרָתָה, רָחֵל. יָכוֹל בְּתוֹךְ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף שֶׁהוּא מִבָּנֶיהָ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (תהלים קלב, ו): מְצָאנוּהָ בִּשְׂדֵי יָעַר, בְּתוֹךְ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל מִי שֶׁנִּמְשַׁל כְּחַיַּת הַיַּעַר, וּמִי נִמְשַׁל כְּחַיַּת הַיַּעַר, בִּנְיָמִין, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית מט, כז): בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב יִטְרָף.

“Why are you agitated [teratzedum], ridged [gavnunim] mountains?” (Psalms 68:17) – Rabbi Yosei HaGelili and Rabbi Akiva: Rabbi Yosei HaGelili interpreted the verse regarding mountains. When the Holy One blessed be He came to give the Torah at Sinai, the mountains were running and contending with one another. This one was saying: ‘The Torah will be given upon me,’ and that one was saying: ‘The Torah will be given upon me.’ Tavor came from Beit Elim, Carmel from Aspamya. That is what is written: “As I live, the utterance of [the King,] the Lord…for it is like Tavor among the mountains, [and like Carmel that reaches the sea]” (Jeremiah 46:18). This one says: ‘I was summoned,’ and that one says: ‘I was summoned.’ The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Why are you agitated…mountains…”? All of you are mountains, but all of you are gavnunim, just as it says: “Or a hunchback [giben] or a dwarf” (Leviticus 21:20). Idol worship has been performed on all of your peaks.’ But Sinai, upon which no idol worship was performed, was “the mountain that God desired for His abode” (Psalms 68:17). [Consequently,] “the Lord descended upon Mount Sinai” (Exodus 19:20). Nevertheless, “the Lord will surely dwell forever” (Psalms 68:17) in the eternal Temple. Rabbi Akiva interpreted the verse regarding the tribes. When Solomon said that he would build the Temple, the tribes were running and contending with one another. This one was saying: ‘It will be built within my boundaries,’ and that one was saying: ‘It will be built within my boundaries.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘“Why are you agitated” (Psalms 68:17)? All of you are tribes, all of you are righteous, but you are gavnunim. What is gavnunim? It is thieves. All of you were party to the sale of Joseph. But in Benjamin, who did not participate in the sale of Joseph, is “the mountain that God desired for His abode” (Psalms 68:17). Likewise, you find that four hundred and seventy years earlier, the sons of Koraḥ were prophesying that it was destined to be within the portion of Benjamin. That is what is written: “My soul longs, indeed it yearns, [for the courtyards of the Lord]” (Psalms 84:3). Likewise it says: “Indeed, we heard it in Efrata…” (Psalms 132:6). Rabbi Yehuda says: The Temple was built in the portion of Judah, as it is written: “[That] nobleman [efrati] from Bethlehem of Judah” (I Samuel 17:12). Rabbi Shimon says: In [the portion] of the one who died in Efrata. Who died in Efrata? Rachel. Could it have been in the portion of Joseph who was one of her sons? The verse states: “We found it in the fields of the forest” (Psalms 132:6) – in the portion of one who was likened to a beast of the forest. Who was likened to a beast of the forest? Benjamin, as it is written: “Benjamin is a wolf that mauls” (Genesis 49:27).

כִּי לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה ה' אֱלֹהִים דָּבָר וגו' (עמוס ג, ז), יַעֲקֹב זִוֵּג שְׁנַיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנַיִם, וּמשֶׁה זִוֵּג שְׁנַיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנַיִם, יְהוּדָה כְּנֶגֶד מַלְכוּת בָּבֶל, זֶה נִמְשַׁל בְּאַרְיֵה וְזֶה נִמְשַׁל בְּאַרְיֵה, זֶה נִמְשַׁל בְּאַרְיֵה (בראשית מט, ט): גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה, וְזֶה נִמְשַׁל בְּאַרְיֵה (דניאל ז, ד): קַדְמָיְתָא כְאַרְיֵה, בְּיַד מִי מַלְכוּת בָּבֶל נוֹפֶלֶת, בְּיַד דָּנִיֵּאל שֶׁהוּא בָּא מִשֶּׁל יְהוּדָה. בִּנְיָמִין כְּנֶגֶד מַלְכוּת מָדַי, זֶה נִמְשַׁל בִּזְאֵב וְזוֹ נִמְשְׁלָה בִּזְאֵב, זֶה נִמְשַׁל בִּזְאֵב (בראשית מט, כז): בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב יִטְרָף וגו', וְזוֹ נִמְשְׁלָה בִּזְאֵב (דניאל ז, ה): וַאֲרוּ חֵיוָה אָחֳרִי תִנְיָנָה דָּמְיָה לְדֹב, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר לְדֹב כְּתִיב, דֵּב הָיָה שְׁמָהּ, הִיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן (ירמיה ה, ו): עַל כֵּן הִכָּם אַרְיֵה מִיַּעַר, זוֹ בָּבֶל (ירמיה ה, ו): זְאֵב עֲרָבוֹת יְשָׁדְדֵם, זוֹ מָדַי. בְּיַד מִי מַלְכוּת מָדַי נוֹפֶלֶת בְּיַד מָרְדְּכַי שֶׁהוּא בָּא מִשֶּׁל בִּנְיָמִין. לֵוִי, כְּנֶגֶד מַלְכוּת יָוָן, זֶה שֵׁבֶט שְׁלִישִׁי וְזוֹ מַלְכוּת שְׁלִישִׁית. זֶה אוֹתִיּוֹתָיו מְשֻּׁלָּשִׁין וְזוֹ אוֹתִיּוֹתֶיהָ מְשֻׁלָּשִׁין. אֵלּוּ תּוֹקְעֵי קַרְנַיִם וְאֵלּוּ תּוֹקְעֵי סוֹלְפִּירִים. אֵלּוּ לוֹבְשֵׁי כּוֹבָעִים וְאֵלּוּ לוֹבְשֵׁי קִיסִים. אֵלּוּ לוֹבְשֵׁי מִכְנָסַיִם וְאֵלּוּ לוֹבְשֵׁי פֶּמִלַּלְיָא. אֵלּוּ מְרֻבִּים בְּאֻכְלוּסִין וְאֵלּוּ מוּעָטִין בְּאֻכְלוּסִין. בָּאוּ מְרֻבִּים וְנָפְלוּ בְּיַד מוּעָטִין, בְּאֵיזוֹ זְכוּת, מִבִּרְכָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, שֶׁאָמַר (דברים לג, יא): מְחַץ מָתְנַיִם קָמָיו. בְּיַד מִי מַלְכוּת יָוָן נוֹפֶלֶת, בְּיַד בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוֹנָאי שֶׁהֵם מִשֶּׁל לֵוִי. יוֹסֵף כְּנֶגֶד מַלְכוּת אֱדוֹם, זֶה בַּעַל קַרְנַיִם וְזֶה בַּעַל קַרְנַיִם. זֶה בַּעַל קַרְנַיִם (דברים לג, יז): בְּכוֹר שׁוֹרוֹ הָדָר לוֹ. וְזֶה בַּעַל קַרְנַיִם (דניאל ז, כ): וְעַל קַרְנַיָּא עֲשַׂר דִּי בְרֵאשַׁהּ. זֶה פֵּרַשׁ מִן הָעֶרְוָה וְזֶה נִדְבַּק בָּעֶרְוָה. זֶה חָס עַל כְּבוֹד אָבִיו, וְזֶה בִּזָּה עַל כְּבוֹד אָבִיו. זֶה כְּתִיב בּוֹ (בראשית מב, יח): אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים אֲנִי יָרֵא, וְזֶה כְּתִיב בּוֹ (דברים כה, יח): וְלֹא יָרֵא אֱלֹהִים. בְּיַד מִי מַלְכוּת נוֹפֶלֶת, בְּיַד מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה שֶׁהוּא בָּא מִשֶּׁל יוֹסֵף. רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן מָסֹרֶת הוּא שֶׁאֵין עֵשָׂו נוֹפֵל אֶלָּא בְּיַד בָּנֶיהָ שֶׁל רָחֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה מט, כ): אִם לוֹא יִסְחָבוּם צְעִירֵי הַצֹּאן, וְלָמָּה הוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתָן צְעִירֵי הַצֹּאן, שֶׁהֵן צְעִירֵיהֶן שֶׁל שְׁבָטִים.

“For the Lord God will not do anything, [unless He has revealed His secret to His servants the prophets]” (Amos 3:7) – Jacob paired two with two, and Moses paired two with two. Judah opposite the kingdom of Babylon – this one was likened to a lion and that one was likened to a lion. This one was likened to a lion: “Judah is a lion cub” (Genesis 49:9); and that one was likened to a lion: “The first was like a lion” (Daniel 7:4). Into the hands of whom would the kingdom of Babylon fall? Into the hands of Daniel, who descended from Judah. Benjamin opposite the kingdom of Media – this one was likened to a wolf, and that one was likened to a wolf. This one was likened to a wolf: “Benjamin is a wolf that mauls” (Genesis 49:27); and that one was likened to a wolf: “Behold another, a second beast, resembling a bear [ledov]” (Daniel 7:5) – Rabbi Ḥanina said: Ledov is written, but it was called dev. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, as Rabbi Yoḥanan said: “Therefore, a lion from the forest smote them” (Jeremiah 5:6) – this is Babylon; “a wolf of the deserts will plunder them” (Jeremiah 5:6) – this is Media. Into the hands of whom did the kingdom of Media fall? Into the hands of Mordekhai, who descended from Benjamin. Levi opposite the kingdom of Greece – this one is the third tribe, and that one is the third kingdom. This one has three letters, and that one has three letters. These sound horns, and those sound trumpets. These wear hats, and those wear helmets. These wear trousers, and those wear knee breeches. Those are many in number, and these are few in number. The many came and fell into the hand of the few. By what merit? It was due to the blessing of Moses, who said: “Crush the loins of those who rise against him” (Deuteronomy 33:11). Into whose hands did the kingdom of Greece fall? Into the hands of the Hasmoneans, who were from Levi. Joseph opposite the kingdom of Edom – this one has horns, and that one has horns. This one has horns – “the firstborn bull is his majesty” (Deuteronomy 33:17); and that one has horns – “and concerning the ten horns that were on its head” (Daniel 7:20). This one forsook licentiousness, and that one cleaves to licentiousness. This one was scrupulous regarding his father’s honor, and that one demeaned his father’s honor. Of this one it is stated: “I fear God” (Genesis 42:18); of that one it is stated: “And he did not fear God” (Deuteronomy 25:18). Into whose hands will the kingdom [of Edom] fall? Into the hands of the one anointed for war, who comes from Joseph. Rabbi Pinḥas in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman: There is a tradition that Esau will fall only into the hands of Rachel’s descendants. That is what is written: “[Therefore, hear the schemes of the Lord that He has devised against Edom…] will the young of the flock not drag them?” (Jeremiah 49:20). Why does he call them the young of the flock? Because they are the youngest of the tribes.

בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב יִטְרָף (בראשית מט, כז), מְדַבֵּר בְּשׁוֹפְטָיו, מַה הַזְּאֵב הַזֶּה חוֹטֵף כָּךְ חָטַף אֵהוּד לִבּוֹ שֶׁל עֶגְלוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שופטים ג, כ): וְאֵהוּד בָּא אֵלָיו וְהוּא ישֵׁב בְּעִלִּיתָא קְרִירָתָא (שופטים ג, יט): וַיֹּאמֶר דְּבַר סֵתֶר וגו', אֲמַר לֵיהּ כֵּן אֲמַר לִי מָרֵיהּ דְּעָלְמָא, נְסִיב חַד חַרְבָּא וְנִתְּנֶנָּה בְּגוֹ מֵעֶיךָ, (שופטים ג, כב): וַיֵּצֵא הַפַּרְשְׁדֹנָה, פָּרְתֵּיהּ (שופטים ג, כג): וַיֵּצֵא אֵהוּד הַמִּסְדְּרוֹנָה, רַבִּי יוּדָן אָמַר עַרְפְּלָא טוּרָא. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה שֶׁשָּׁם יָשְׁבוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת מְסֻדָּרִין. דָּבָר אַחֵר מְדַבֵּר בְּמַלְכוּתוֹ, מַה הַזְּאֵב הַזֶּה חוֹטֵף כָּךְ חָטַף שָׁאוּל אֶת הַמְּלוּכָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א יד, מז): וְשָׁאוּל לָכַד אֶת הַמְּלוּכָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. בַּבֹּקֶר יֹאכַל עַד, (שמואל א יד, מז): וַיִּלָּחֶם סָבִיב בְּכָל אֹיְבָיו. וְלָעֶרֶב יְחַלֵּק שָׁלָל, (דברי הימים א י, יג): וַיָּמָת שָׁאוּל בְּמַעֲלוֹ אֲשֶׁר מָעַל, מְדַבֵּר בְּמַלְכוּתוֹ, מַה זְּאֵב חוֹטֵף כָּךְ אֶסְתֵּר חוֹטֶפֶת הַמְּלוּכָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (אסתר ב, ח): וַתִּלָּקַח אֶסְתֵּר וגו'. בַּבֹּקֶר יֹאכַל עַד, (אסתר ח, א): בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא נָתַן הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לְאֶסְתֵּר הַמַּלְכָּה אֶת בֵּית הָמָן. וְלָעֶרֶב יְחַלֵּק שָׁלָל, (אסתר ח, ב): וַתָּשֶׂם אֶסְתֵּר אֶת מָרְדְּכַי עַל בֵּית הָמָן, מְדַבֵּר בְּאַרְצוֹ, מַה הַזְּאֵב הַזֶּה חוֹטֵף, כָּךְ הָיְתָה אַרְצוֹ שֶׁל בִּנְיָמִין חוֹטֶפֶת אֶת פֵּרוֹתֶיהָ. בַּבֹּקֶר יֹאכַל עַד, זוֹ יְרִיחוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה מַבְכֶּרֶת. וְלָעֶרֶב יְחַלֵּק שָׁלָל, זוֹ בֵּית אֵל שֶׁהִיא מַאֲפֶלֶת. רַבִּי פִּינְחָס פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּמִּזְבֵּחַ, מַה הַזְּאֵב הַזֶּה חוֹטֵף, כָּךְ הָיָה הַמִּזְבֵּחַ חוֹטֵף אֶת הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. בַּבֹּקֶר יֹאכַל עַד, (במדבר כח, ד): אֶת הַכֶּבֶשׂ אֶחָד תַּעֲשֶׂה בַבֹּקֶר. וְלָעֶרֶב יְחַלֵּק שָׁלָל, (במדבר כח, ד): וְאֵת הַכֶּבֶשׂ הַשֵּׁנִי תַּעֲשֶׂה בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם.

“Benjamin is a wolf that mauls; in the morning he devours prey, and in the evening he divides spoils” (Genesis 49:27). “Benjamin is a wolf that mauls” – this is referring to his judges. Just as the wolf snatches, so Ehud snatched Eglon’s heart. That is what is written: “Ehud came to him, and he was sitting [alone] in his cool upper chamber” (see Judges 3:20). “He said: [I have] a secret matter…” (Judges 3:19). He said to him: ‘So did the Master of the world say to me: Take a sword and plunge it into your innards.’ “The parshedona emerged” (Judges 3:22) – his excrement. “Ehud emerged into the vestibule [hamisderona]” (Judges 3:23) – Rabbi Yudan said: A portico that obscures the light. Rabbi Berekhya said: There the ministering angels sat in order [mesudarin]. Another matter: It is referring to his kingdom. Just as the wolf snatches, so Saul snatched the kingdom, as it is stated: “Saul secured [lakhad] the kingdom over Israel” (I Samuel 14:47). “In the morning he devours prey” – “he waged war against all his enemies all around” (I Samuel 14:47). “In the evening he divides spoils” – “Saul died for his trespass that he trespassed [against the Lord]” (I Chronicles 10:13). It is referring to his kingdom. Just as the wolf snatches, so Esther snatched the kingdom. That is what is written: “Esther was taken [to the king’s palace” (Esther 2:8). “In the morning it devours its prey” – “On that day, King Aḥashverosh gave the house of Haman to Queen Esther” (Esther 8:1). “In the evening he divides spoils” – “Esther appointed Mordekhai over the house of Haman” (Esther 8:2). It is referring to his land. Just as the wolf snatches, so Benjamin’s land snatches its produce. “In the morning it devours its prey” – this is Jericho, whose produce would ripen first. “In the evening he divides spoils” – this is Beit El, whose produce would ripen last. Rabbi Pinḥas interprets the verse regarding the altar. Just as the wolf snatches, so the altar snatches the offerings. “In the morning it devours its prey” – “the one lamb you shall offer in the morning” (Numbers 28:4). “In the evening he divides spoils” – “and the second lamb you shall offer in the afternoon” (Numbers 28:4).

כָּל אֵלֶּה שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר וגו' (בראשית מט, כח), כְּבָר כְּתִיב (בראשית מט, כח): וַיְבָרֶךְ אוֹתָם, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (בראשית מט, כח): אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר כְּבִרְכָתוֹ בֵּרַךְ אֹתָם, אֶלָּא לְפִי שֶׁבֵּרְכָן יְהוּדָה בְּאַרְיֵה, דָּן בְּנָחָשׁ, נַפְתָּלִי בְּאַיָּלָה, בִּנְיָמִין בִּזְאֵב, חָזַר וּכְלָלָן כֻּלָּן כְּאֶחָד וַעֲשָׂאָן אֲרָיוֹת וַעֲשָׂאָן נְחָשִׁים. תֵּדַע שֶׁהוּא כֵּן (בראשית מט, יז): יְהִי דָן נָחָשׁ וְהוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ אַרְיֵה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים לג, כב): דָּן גּוּר אַרְיֵה, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ד, ז): כֻּלָּךְ יָפָה רַעְיָתִי וּמוּם אֵין בָּךְ.

“All these are the tribes of Israel, twelve, and this is what their father spoke to them, and he blessed them; each man in accordance with his blessing he blessed them” (Genesis 49:28). “All these are the tribes of Israel, twelve…” – it is already written: “And he blessed them”; why, then, does the verse state: “Each man in accordance with his blessing he blessed them”? It is because he blessed them [by comparing] Judah to a lion, Dan to a serpent, Naphtali to a doe, Benjamin to a wolf, and he then included them all and rendered them lions and rendered them serpents. Know that it is so: “Dan will be a serpent” (Genesis 49:17), and he is then called a lion. That is what is written: “Dan is a lion cub” (Deuteronomy 33:22). This is to realize what is stated: “All of you is fair, my love, and there is no blemish in you” (Song of Songs 4:7).

[לישנא אחרינא] וַיִּקְרָא יַעֲקֹב אֶל בָּנָיו (בראשית מט, א), לָמָּה קָרָא לָהֶם, לְגַלּוֹת לָהֶם אֶת הַקֵּץ, כְּתִיב (איוב יב, ב): מֵסִיר שָׂפָה לְנֶאֱמָנִים וְטַעַם זְקֵנִים יִקָּח, וּמִי הֵם נֶאֱמָנִים וּזְקֵנִים, יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב אַהֲרֹן וּמשֶׁה. בְּמשֶׁה כְּתִיב (במדבר יב, ז): בְּכָל בֵּיתִי נֶאֱמָן הוּא, וְכֵן אַהֲרֹן (מלאכי ב, ו): תּוֹרַת אֱמֶת הָיְתָה בְּפִיהוּ, וּמִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמְרוּ (במדבר כ, י): שִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים, נִדּוֹנוּ בְּשִׂפְתוֹתֵיהֶם (במדבר כ, יב): לָכֵן לֹא תָבִיאוּ אֶת הַקָּהָל הַזֶּה, הֱוֵי מֵסִיר שָׂפָה לְנֶאֱמָנִים וְטַעַם זְקֵנִים יִקָּח, זֶה יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, יִצְחָק הָיָה מְחַבֵּב אֶת עֵשָׂו שֶׁהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׂוֹנֵא אוֹתוֹ, וְאָמַר לוֹ (בראשית כז, ד): וַעֲשֵׂה לִי מַטְעַמִּים, וּבִקֵּשׁ לְבָרְכוֹ וּלְגַלּוֹת לוֹ אֶת הַקֵּץ, מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֶעֱבִיר טַעֲמוֹ הֵימֶנּוּ וְלֹא יָדַע אֶלָּא הִתְחִיל חָרֵד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כז, לג): וַיֶּחֱרַד יִצְחָק וגו', כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹא מָצָא מַה לּוֹמַר אָמַר (בראשית כז, לג): גַּם בָּרוּךְ יִהְיֶה. וְאַף יַעֲקֹב בִּקֵּשׁ לְגַלּוֹת לְבָנָיו אֶת הַקֵּץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הֵאָסְפוּ וְאַגִּידָה לָכֶם אֵת אֲשֶׁר יִקְרָא וגו', וְהֶעֱלִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִמֶּנּוּ וְהִתְחִיל אוֹמֵר (בראשית מט, ג): רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה, הֲרֵי טַעַם זְקֵנִים יִקָּח.

“Jacob called to his sons, and he said: Gather, and I will tell you what will befall you at the end of days. Assemble and hear, sons of Jacob, and listen to Israel your father” (Genesis 49:1–2). <Variant Reading> Why did he call them? He sought to reveal to them the End. It is written: “He removes speech from the trusted, and takes the sense of elders” (Job 12:20). Who are the “trusted” and the “elders”? They are Isaac, Jacob, Aaron, and Moses. In Moses’s regard it is written: “In all My house he is trusted” (Numbers 12:7). Likewise, in Aaron’s regard: “The Torah of truth was in his mouth” (Malachi 2:6). But because they said: “Hear now, defiant ones” (Numbers 20:10), they were sentenced because of their speech – “therefore, you will not bring this assembly [into the land that I have given them]” (Numbers 20:12). That is, “He removes speech from the trusted.” “And takes the sense of elders” – this is Isaac and Jacob. Isaac was fond of Esau, whom the Holy One blessed be He hated, and he said to him: “Prepare delicacies for me” (Genesis 27:4), and sought to bless him and reveal the End to him. What did the Holy One blessed be He do? He stripped him of his sense, and he did not know, but he began trembling, as it is stated: “Isaac was overcome [with very great trembling]” (Genesis 27:33). When he was unable to find what to say, he said: “Indeed he shall be blessed” (Genesis 27:33). Jacob, too, sought to reveal the End to his sons, as it is stated: “Gather, and I will tell you what will befall [you at the end of days]”; and the Holy One blessed be He concealed it from him, and he began saying: “Reuben, you are my firstborn” (Genesis 49:3). That is, “and takes the sense of elders.”

הֵאָסְפוּ וְאַגִּידָה לָכֶם (בראשית מט, א), שֶׁמִּנָּה אוֹתָן זְקֵנִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יא, טז): אֶסְפָה לִי שִׁבְעִים אִישׁ מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, נֶאֱמַר הֵאָסְפוּ, וְנֶאֱמַר הִקָּבְצוּ וְשִׁמְעוּ, אֶלָּא הוֹדִיעָן שֶׁהֵן גּוֹלִין שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים. (בראשית מט, ג): רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה, אַתָּה הוּא בְּכוֹרִי, אַתָּה הוּא דּוֹמֶה לִי, אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי שְׁמוֹנִים שָׁנָה אֲפִלּוּ טִפַּת קֶרִי לֹא רָאִיתִי. (בראשית מט, ג): כֹּחִי וְרֵאשִׁית אוֹנִי, אַתָּה הָיִיתָ טִפָּה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁלִּי. (בראשית מט, ג): יֶתֶר שְׂאֵת וְיֶתֶר עָז, שְׁלשָׁה כְּתָרִים הָיוּ בְּיָדֶךָ, הַכְּהֻנָּה וְהַמַּלְכוּת וּבְכוֹרָה, הַכְּהֻנָּה, דִּכְתִיב: יֶתֶר שְׂאֵת, וְאֵין שְׂאֵת אֶלָּא כְּהֻנָּה, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא ט, כב): וַיִּשָּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָיו. וְהַמַּלְכוּת, דִּכְתִיב: וְיֶתֶר עָז, וְאֵין עָז אֶלָא מַלְכוּת, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, י): וְיִתֶּן עֹז לְמַלְכּוֹ. הַבְּכוֹרָה, דִּכְתִיב: רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה, וְאִבַּדְתָּ אוֹתָן, מִי גָּרַם לָךְ, (בראשית מט, ד): פַּחַז כַּמַּיִם אַל תּוֹתַר, וּמַהוּ נוֹטָרִיקוֹן רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר פָּחַזְ"תָּ, הִשְׁלַכְתָּ עֹל מֵעַל צַוָּארֶיךָ, זָ"ע יִצְרְךָ עָלֶיךָ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר פָּחַזְ"תָּ חָטָא"תָ זָנִי"תָ. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר פַּחַז סַרְסֵהוּ, זַעְ"תָּ חָרַדְ"תָּ פָּרַ"ח חֵטְא מֵעָלֶיךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, פַּחַז, פָּסַעְ"תָּ עַל דָּת, חִלַּלְ"תָּ בְּכוֹרָתֶךָ, זָ"ר נַעֲשֵׂיתָ. כַּמַּיִם, מַהוּ כַּמַּיִם, אִם יְהֵא בְּיַד אָדָם קִיתוֹן שֶׁל מַיִם וְהוּא נִשְׁפַּךְ, אֵינוֹ מִשְׁתַּיֵּר בּוֹ כְּלוּם, אֲבָל אִם הָיָה שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן אוֹ שֶׁל דְּבַשׁ מִשְׁתַּיֵּר בּוֹ, לְכָךְ אוֹמֵר: כַּמַּיִם אַל תּוֹתַר. (בראשית מט, ד): כִּי עָלִיתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵי אָבִיךָ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵבֵאתָ דּוּדָאִים וְהָיְתָה אִמְךָ אוֹמֶרֶת לַאֲחוֹתָהּ (בראשית ל, טו): הַמְעַט קַחְתֵּךְ אֶת אִישִׁי, אַתְּ עָלִיתָ מִשְׁכָּבִי וְחִלַּלְתָּ יְצוּעִי, וּמִפְּנֵי שֶׁחִלַּלְתָּ אוֹתוֹ הֱוֵי מֵרָחוֹק עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹא משֶׁה שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (שמות יט, ג): וּמשֶׁה עָלָה, וְיַתֵּר אוֹתְךָ וִיקָרְבֶךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים לג, ו): יְחִי רְאוּבֵן, יָצָא רְאוּבֵן וְאָזְנָיו מְקֻטָּפוֹת.

“Gather, and I will tell you” – he appointed them as elders, just as it is stated: “Gather to Me seventy men of the elders of Israel” (Numbers 11:16). “Gather” is stated, and “assemble and hear” is stated – he informed them that they would be exiled twice. “Reuben, you are my firstborn, my strength, and the first of my potency; greater honor and greater power. Impetuous as water, you shall not excel [totar]; because you mounted your father’s bed; then you desecrated, he who ascended my couch” (Genesis 49:3–4). “Reuben, you are my firstborn” – you are my firstborn, you are similar to me. I lived eighty years and did not see even one drop of semen. “My strength and the first of my potency” – you were my first drop. “Greater honor and greater power” – three crowns were in your possession: priesthood, kingship, and the birthright. Priesthood, as it is written: “Greater honor [se’et],” and se’et is nothing other than priesthood, as it is written: “Aaron lifted [vayisa] his hands” (Leviticus 9:22). Kingship, as it is written: “And greater power,” and power is nothing other than kingship, as it is written: “He will give strength to His king” (I Samuel 2:10). The birthright, as it is written: “Reuben, you are my firstborn.” And you lost them. What caused you [to lose them]? “Impetuous [paḥaz] as water, you shall not excel.” For what is it an acronym? Rabbi Eliezer says: You were impetuous [paḥazta], you cast [hishlakhta] the yoke from upon your neck, your evil inclination moved [za] against you. Rabbi Yehoshua says: You were impetuous [paḥazta], you sinned [ḥatata], you engaged in licentiousness [zanita]. Rabbi Levi said: Transpose paḥaz – you trembled [zata], you became anxious [ḥaradta], and the sin departed [paraḥ] from you. Alternatively, paḥaz – you trampled [pasata] the law, you profaned [ḥilalta] your birthright, you became a stranger [zar]. “As water” – what is “as water”? If a person pours a flask of water and it spills, nothing at all remains [mishtayer] in it, but if it was of oil or of honey, something would remain in it. That is why it says: “As water you shall not totar. “Because you mounted [alita] your father’s bed” – when you brought mandrakes and your mother was saying to her sister: “Was the taking of my husband insignificant” (Genesis 30:15), you caused my bed to be elevated [alita] and my couch to be desecrated. Because you caused it to be desecrated, you will be a pariah until Moses, in whose regard it is written: “Moses ascended” (Exodus 19:3), will come and release you and draw you near. That is what is written: “May Reuben live” (Deuteronomy 33:6).

הִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא שִׁמְעוֹן וְלֵוִי אַחִים, אַחִים דִּפְחָתָא, אָמַר לָהֶם אַחִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּדִינָה, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית לד, כה): וַיִּקְחוּ שְׁנֵי בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב שִׁמְעוֹן וְלֵוִי אֲחֵי דִינָה אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ, וְלֹא אַחִים לְיוֹסֵף שֶׁמְּכַרְתֶּם אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׂמְלָאי בִּרְאוּבֵן כְּתִיב (בראשית לז, כב): לְמַעַן הַצִּיל אֹתוֹ מִיָּדָם לַהֲשִׁיבוֹ אֶל אָבִיו, הֲרֵי רְאוּבֵן לֹא הָיָה בִּמְכִירָתוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף, וְאַף יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר לָהֶן (בראשית לז, כו): מַה בֶּצַע, הַלָּלוּ הֵם הַגְּדוֹלִים נִמְצֵאתָ שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם מָכְרוּ אוֹתוֹ, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיָּרְדוּ לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא לָקַח מֵאִתָּם אֶלָּא שִׁמְעוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מב, כד): וַיִּקַּח מֵאִתָּם אֶת שִׁמְעוֹן, לְכָךְ קָרָא לִשְׁנֵיהֶם כְּאֶחָת. כְּלֵי חָמָס, מַהוּ כְּלֵי חָמָס, אָמַר לָהֶם גְּזוּלִים הֵם בְּיֶדְכֶם אֵינָן שֶׁלָּכֶם, שֶׁל עֵשָׂו הֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ (בראשית כז, מ): וְעַל חַרְבְּךָ תִחְיֶה, כֵּלָיו שֶׁל חָמָס הֵן וְאֵין חָמָס אֶלָּא עֵשָׂו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (עובדיה א, י): מֵחֲמַס אָחִיךָ יַעֲקֹב. מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לָשׁוֹן יְוָנִי הוּא, מָכִירִין [פרוש קורין לחרבות מכירין]. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מְכוּרוֹתֵיהֶן, מְגוּרוֹתֵיהֶם, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (יחזקאל טז, ג): מְכֹרֹתַיִךְ וּמֹלְדוֹתַיִּךְ. בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי, כְּשֶׁיַּעֲמֹד זִמְרִי וְיַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה בְּכָזְבִּי, אַל יִזָּכֵר שְׁמִי שָׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כה, יד): וְשֵׁם אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל הַמֻּכֶּה וגו'. בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי, כְּשֶׁיַּקְהִיל קֹרַח אֶת עֲדָתוֹ לַחְלֹק, לֹא יִתְיַחֵד שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא (במדבר טז, א): וַיִּקַּח קֹרַח בֶּן יִצְהָר בֶּן קְהָת בֶּן לֵוִי, וְלֹא אָמַר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב. כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ, וְכִי אִישׁ אֶחָד הָרְגוּ וַהֲרֵי כְּתִיב (בראשית לד, כה): וַיַּהַרְגוּ כָּל זָכָר, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ כֻּלָּם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶלָּא כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה מ, טו): הֵן גּוֹיִם כְּמַר מִדְלִי וגו', וּמַהוּ הֵן, לְשׁוֹן יְוָנִי הֵן אֶחָד, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שופטים ו, טז): וְהִכִּיתָ אֶת מִדְיָן כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ (שמות טו, א): סוּס וְרֹכְבוֹ רָמָּה בַיָּם, כְּסוּס אֶחָד וְרוֹכְבוֹ. אָרוּר אַפָּם, לֹא קִלֵּל אֶלָּא אַפָּם, וְכֵן בִּלְעָם הָרָשָׁע אוֹמֵר (במדבר כג, ח): מָה אֶקֹּב לֹא קַבֹּה אֵל, וּמָה אִם בִּשְׁעַת הַכַּעַס לֹא קִלֵּל אֶלָּא אַפָּם, וַאֲנִי בָּא לְקַלְּלָן. אֲחַלְּקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב, כֵּיצַד עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה אֶלֶף נָפְלוּ מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל שִׁמְעוֹן בְּזִמְרִי, וְהָיוּ אַלְמְנוֹתָיו עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה אֶלֶף, וְנֶחְלְקוּ שְׁנֵי אֲלָפִים לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֲחַלְקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב, וְכָל מִי שֶׁמְסַבֵּב עַל הַפְּתָחִים, מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל שִׁמְעוֹן, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף לֵוִי יְהֵא מְסַבֵּב, מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֶאֱכִילוֹ פַּרְנָסָתוֹ בִּנְקִיּוּת וְנִתְקַיְּמָה גְּזֵרַת יַעֲקֹב, גִּדְּלוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְנָתַן לוֹ אֶחָד מֵעֲשָׂרָה וְהוּא מְסַבֵּב וְאוֹמֵר תְּנוּ לִי חֶלְקִי, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: אֲחַלְקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב.

“Simeon and Levi are brothers; weapons of villainy are their heritage” (Genesis 49:5). Reuben went out and his ears were slumped. [Jacob] began calling: “Simeon and Levi are brothers” – brothers for degradation. He said to them: ‘You were brothers for Dina, as it is written: “Two sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dina’s brothers, each took his sword” (Genesis 34:25), but not brothers for Joseph, as you sold him.’ Rabbi Simlai said: In Reuben’s regard it is written: “In order to deliver him from their hand, to restore him to his father” (Genesis 37:22). Reuben was not involved in Joseph’s sale. Judah, too, said to them: “What profit [is there if we kill our brother]?” (Genesis 37:26). These were the eldest; consequently, the two of them sold him. Know that it is so, for when they descended to Egypt, [Joseph] took from them none other than Simeon, as it is stated: “He took Simeon from them [and incarcerated him before their eyes]” (Genesis 42:24). That is why [Jacob] called the two of them as one. “Weapons of villainy” – what are weapons of villainy? He said to them: ‘They have been stolen by you; they are not yours. They belong to Esau, in whose regard it is written: “By your sword you shall live”’ (Genesis 27:40). Those are weapons of villainy, and villainy is none other than Esau, as it is stated: “For the villainy to your brother Jacob” (Obadiah 1:10). “Their heritage [mekheroteihem]” – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is a Greek expression, makhirin, <meaning they call swords makhirin>. Some say: “Mekhuroteihen” – their residences [meguroteihem], just as it says: “Your origins [mekhorotayikh] and your birthplace” (Ezekiel 16:3). “Let my soul not come in their company; with their assembly let my glory not be associated; for in their anger they killed men, and with their will they hamstrung oxen” (Genesis 49:6). “Let my soul not come in their company” – when Zimri will arise and perform that act with Kozbi, let my name not be mentioned there, as it is stated: “The name of the man of Israel who was slain…[Zimri, son of Salu, a prince of a patrilineal house of the Simeonites]” (Numbers 25:14). “With their assembly let my glory not be associated” – when Koraḥ will assemble his congregation to dispute, let my name not be associated with them, but rather, “Koraḥ, son of Yitzhar, son of Kehat, son of Levi” (Numbers 16:1), but it did not say: “Son of Jacob.” “For in their anger they killed men [ish]” – did they kill one man [ish]; is it not written: “They killed all the males” (Genesis 34:25)? It is that they were all considered before the Holy One blessed be He like one man. Likewise it says: “Behold [hen], nations may be regarded like a drop from a bucket…” (Isaiah 40:16). What is hen? In the Greek language, hen is one. Likewise it says: “You will smite Midian as one man” (Judges 6:16). Similarly, “the horse and its rider He cast into the sea” (Exodus 15:1) – like one horse and its rider. “Cursed is their anger, as it is fierce, and their wrath, as it is harsh; I will divide them in Jacob, and I will disperse them in Israel” (Genesis 49:7). “Cursed is their anger” – he cursed only their anger. Likewise, the wicked Bilam says: “How will I curse, where God has not cursed” (Numbers 23:8)? If at a time of anger he cursed only their anger, can I come to curse them? “I will divide them in Jacob” – how so? Twenty-four thousand fell from the tribe of Simeon in [the incident of] Zimri, and its widows were twenty-four thousand. They were divided into two thousand for each and every tribe, as it is stated: “I will divide them in Jacob.” Everyone who circulates among the doorways [to beg] is from the tribe of Simeon. The Holy One blessed be He said: Levi too will circulate. What did the Holy One blessed be He do? He provided him with his sustenance cleanly, and yet Jacob’s edict was fulfilled. The Holy One blessed be He elevated [Levi] and gave him one-tenth, and he circulates and says: ‘Give me my portion.’ That is why it is stated: “I will divide them in Jacob.”

הֲרֵי שִׁמְעוֹן וְלֵוִי יָצְאוּ אַף הֵם פְּנֵיהֶם מְכֻרְכָּמוֹת, וְהָיָה מִתְיָרֵא יְהוּדָה שֶׁלֹא יִזְכֹּר לוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה תָּמָר, הִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא לוֹ (בראשית מט, ח): יְהוּדָה אַתָּה יוֹדוּךָ אַחֶיךָ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה הוֹדֵיתָ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה תָמָר, יוֹדוּךָ אַחֶיךָ לִהְיוֹת מֶלֶךְ עֲלֵיהֶם. יָדְךָ בְּעֹרֶף אֹיְבֶיךָ, זֶה דָּוִד שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד מִמֶּנּוּ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (שמואל ב כב, מא): וְאֹיְבַי תַּתָּה לִי עֹרֶף. יִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לְךָ בְּנֵי אָבִיךָ, יִצְחָק אָמַר לוֹ לְיַעֲקֹב (בראשית כז, מט): בְּנֵי אִמֶּךָ, שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה לוֹ אֶלָּא אִשָּׁה אַחַת רִבְקָה, אֲבָל יַעֲקֹב שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אַרְבַּע נָשִׁים אָמַר לוֹ לִיהוּדָה בְּנֵי אָבִיךָ. גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה מִטֶּרֶף בְּנִי עָלִיתָ, מִטַּרְפּוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ (בראשית לז, כו): מַה בֶּצַע. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִטֶּרֶף, מִטַּרְפָּהּ שֶׁל תָּמָר, שֶׁהִצַּלְתָּ אַרְבַּע נְפָשׁוֹת, עַצְמְךָ וְתָמָר וּשְׁנֵי בָּנֶיהָ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה הִצַלְתָּ אַרְבַּע אַף אֲנִי אַצִיל אַרְבָּעָה מִבְּנֵי בָנֶיךָ, דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה, וְקָרָא לוֹ אַרְבָּעָה שֵׁמוֹת, גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה. (במדבר כד, ט): כָּרַע שָׁכַב כָּאֲרִי וּכְלָבִיא. לֹא יָסוּר שֵׁבֶט מִיהוּדָה, זֶה כִּסֵּא מַלְכוּת (תהלים מה, ז): כִּסְאֲךָ אֱלֹהִים עוֹלָם וָעֶד שֵׁבֶט מִישֹׁר, אֵימָתַי, וּמְחֹקֵק מִבֵּין רַגְלָיו, כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא אוֹתוֹ שֶׁהַמַּלְכוּת שֶׁלּוֹ, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (ישעיה כח, ג): בְּרַגְלַיִם תֵּרָמַסְנָה עֲטֶרֶת וגו'. עַד כִּי יָבֹא שִׁילֹה, מִי שֶׁהַמַּלְכוּת שֶׁלּוֹ. וְלוֹ יִקְהַת עַמִּים, מִי שֶׁמַּקְהֶה שִׁנֵּי כָּל הָאֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מיכה ז, טז): יָשִׂימוּ יָד עַל פֶּה אָזְנֵיהֶם תֶּחֱרַשְׁנָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְלוֹ יִקְהַת עַמִּים, מִי שֶׁאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מִתְקַהֲלִין עָלָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה יא, י): שֹׁרֶשׁ יִשַּׁי אֲשֶׁר עֹמֵד לְנֵס עַמִּים אֵלָיו גּוֹיִם יִדְרשׁוּ. אֹסְרִי לַגֶּפֶן עִירֹה, מִשֶּׁיַּכְנִיס כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ גֶפֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ. וְלַשֹּׂרֵקָה בְּנִי אֲתֹנוֹ, זֶה שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (זכריה ט, ט): עָנִי וְרֹכֵב עַל חֲמוֹר וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְלַשֹּׂרֵקָה בְּנִי אֲתֹנוֹ, מִי שֶׁנּוֹטֵעַ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשׂוֹרֵק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ב, כא): וְאָנֹכִי נְטַעְתִּיךְ שׂוֹרֵק, וְהֵיאַךְ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה (יחזקאל לו, כה): וְזָרַקְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם מַיִם טְהוֹרִים. כִּבֵּס בַּיַּיִן לְבֻשׁוֹ, שֶׁהַיַּיִן הַרְבֵּה בִּגְבוּלוֹ. וּבְדַם עֲנָבִים סוּתֹה, וְאֵין סוּתֹה אֶלָּא טָעוּת, כְּדִכְתִיב (דברים יג, ז): כִּי יְסִיתְךָ אָחִיךָ וגו', אִם יִטְעוּ בַּהֲלָכָה תְּהֵא מִתְכַּבֶּסֶת בִּתְחוּמוֹ. חַכְלִילִי עֵינַיִם מִיָּיִן, מִכָּאן אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁהַיַּיִן הַרְבֵּה בִּתְחוּמוֹ, כְּאָדָם שֶׁאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ מְזֹג לִי וּשְׁנֵה לִי, שֶׁחִכִּי עָרֵב לִי חֵיךְ לִי לִי, וּלְבֶן שִׁנַּיִם מֵחָלָב, בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה (ישעיה א, יח): אִם יִהְיוּ חַטָּאֵיכֶם כַּשָּׁנִים כַּשֶּׁלֶג יַלְבִּינוּ.

“Judah, you shall your brothers acknowledge; your hand will be at the nape of your enemies; your father’s sons will prostrate themselves to you” (Genesis 49:8). Simeon and Levi, too, emerged with their faces crestfallen, and Judah feared that [Jacob] would mention the incident of Tamar to him. He began calling him: “Judah, you shall your brothers acknowledge [yodukha].” The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You confessed [hodeita] in the incident of Tamar; your brothers will acknowledge you to be king over them.’ “Your hand will be at the nape [beoref] of your enemies” – this is David, who descended from him, and in whose regard it is written: “My enemies, You had them turn their backs [oref] to me” (II Samuel 22:41). “Your father’s sons will prostrate themselves to you” – Isaac said to Jacob: “Your mother’s sons” (Genesis 27:29), as he had only one wife, Rebecca. But Jacob, who had four wives, said to Judah: “Your father’s sons.” “Judah is a lion cub; from prey, my son, you ascended. He crouches, lies like a lion; and like a great cat, who shall rouse him” (Genesis 49:9). “Judah is a lion cub; from prey, my son, you ascended” – from the prey of Joseph, as you said: “What profit [is there if we kill our brother and conceal his blood?]” (Genesis 37:26). Alternatively, “from prey” – from the prey of Tamar, as you saved four lives – you, Tamar, and her two sons. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You saved four; I will save four of your descendants – Daniel, Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya.’ He called him four names: “Judah is a lion cub”; “he crouched and lay like a lion, and like a great cat, [who shall rouse him?]” (Numbers 24:9). “The scepter shall not depart from Judah, or the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until Shilo arrives; and to him nations will assemble” (Genesis 49:10). “The scepter shall not depart from Judah” – this is the royal throne: “Your throne is of God forever; the staff of righteousness” (Psalms 45:7) – when? “The ruler’s staff from between his feet” – with the arrival of the one to whom kingship belongs, of whom it is written: “With feet will the crown [of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim] be trampled” (Isaiah 28:3). “Until Shilo arrives” – the one to whom kingdom belongs [shelo]. “And to him nations will assemble [yik’hat]” – the one who dulls [mak’heh] the teeth of all the nations, as it is stated: “They will place hand over mouth; their ears will be deafened” (Micah 7:16). Alternatively, “and to him nations will assemble” – the one for whom the nations of the world will assemble, as it is stated: “The root of Yishai, that stands as a banner of the peoples, nations will seek him” (Isaiah 11:10). “He will bind his foal to the vine, and to the branch of the vine his donkey’s foal; he launders his garments in wine, and in the blood of grapes, his clothes” (Genesis 49:11). “He will bind his foal to the vine” – when He will gather all of Israel, which is called “vine,” as it is stated: “You transported a vine from Egypt” (Psalms 80:9). “And to the branch of the vine his donkey’s foal” – this is the one in whose regard it is written: “He is humble, and riding upon a donkey…” (Zechariah 9:9). Another matter: “And to the branch of the vine his donkey’s foal” – it is the one who plants all of Israel like a vine branch. How does he do so? “I will sprinkle pure water upon you” (Ezekiel 36:25). “He launders his garments in wine” – as wine is abundant within his borders. And in the blood of grapes, his clothes [suto]” – suto is nothing other than error, as it is written: “If your brother…will entice you [yesitekha]…” (Deuteronomy 13:7). If they err in halakha, it will be laundered within his domain. “His eyes shall be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk” (Genesis 49:12). “His eyes shall be red [ḥakhlili] from wine” – from here you learn that wine is abundant in his domain, like a person who says to another: ‘Pour for me, and again, as my palate is sweet to me, a sweet palate for me, for me [ḥeikh li li].’ “And his teeth white from milk” – due to the merit of the Torah, “if your sins will be like scarlet, they will be whitened as snow” (Isaiah 1:18).

זְבוּלֻן לְחוֹף יַמִּים יִשְׁכֹּן (בראשית מט, יג), הֲרֵי זְבוּלוּן קָדַם לְיִשָׂשׂכָר שֶׁכֵּן מְיַחֲסָן יִשָׂשׂכָר זְבוּלוּן, וְלָמָּה כֵן, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה זְבוּלוּן עוֹסֵק בִּפְרַקְמַטְיָא וְיִשָׂשׂכָר עוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה, וּזְבוּלוּן בָּא וּמַאֲכִילוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ קָדְמוֹ, עָלָיו אָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי ג, יח): עֵץ חַיִּים הִיא לַמַּחֲזִיקִים בָּהּ. יִשָׂשׂכָר כּוֹנֵס וּזְבוּלוּן מֵבִיא בָּאֳנִיּוֹת וּמוֹכֵר וּמֵבִיא לוֹ כָּל צָרְכּוֹ, וְכֵן משֶׁה אוֹמֵר (דברים לג, יח): שְׂמַח זְבוּלֻן בְּצֵאתֶךָ, לָמָּה שֶׁיִּשָּׂשכָר בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ שֶׁלְּךָ הֵן שֶׁאַתְּ מְסַיְּעוֹ לֵישֵׁב בָּהֶן.

“Zebulun will dwell at the shore of seas, and he will be a shore for ships, and his border will be upon Sidon” (Genesis 49:13). “Zebulun will dwell at the shore of seas” – Zebulun preceded Issachar, although the birth of Issachar is recorded before Zebulun. Why so? It is because Zebulun would engage in commerce, and Issachar would engage in Torah, and Zebulun would come to feed him. Therefore, [Zebulun] was granted precedence. The verse said in his regard: “It is a tree of life for those who uphold it” (Proverbs 3:18). Issachar would gather [merchandise], and Zebulun would transport it on ships, sell it, and bring him all his needs. Likewise, Moses says: “Rejoice, Zebulun, in your departure” (Deuteronomy 33:18) – why? It is because “Issachar, in your tents” (Deuteronomy 33:18) – [the tents] are yours, as you assist him to reside in them.

יִשָׂשׂכָר חֲמֹר גָּרֶם (בראשית מט, יד), יִשָׂשׂכָר מֵבִיא בַּחֲמוֹר וּזְבוּלוּן בָּאֳנִיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מט, יג): וְהוּא לְחוֹף אֳנִיֹּת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָׂשׂכָר חֲמֹר גָּרֶם, חֲמוֹר גָּרַם אוֹתוֹ, וְכִי מִנַּיִן הָיְתָה לֵאָה יוֹדַעַת שֶׁבָּא יַעֲקֹב, אֶלָּא נָהַק הַחֲמוֹר וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹלוֹ וְיָצָאת לִקְרָאתוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָׂשׂכָר חֲמֹר גָּרֶם, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַחֲמוֹר טוֹעֵן אֶת הַמַּשָּׂא כָּךְ יִשָׂשׂכָר טוֹעֵן אֶת הַתּוֹרָה. רֹבֵץ בֵּין הַמִּשְׁפְּתָיִם, אֵלּוּ הַתַּלְמִידִים שֶׁיּוֹשְׁבִים בָּאָרֶץ לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים סח, יד): אִם תִּשְׁכְּבוּן בֵּין שְׁפַתָּיִם. (בראשית מט, טו): וַיַּרְא מְנֻחָה כִּי טוֹב, זוֹ תּוֹרָה, דִּכְתִיב (משלי ד, ב): כִּי לֶקַח טוֹב נָתַתִּי לָכֶם. וַיְהִי לְמַס עֹבֵד, מַהוּ מַס, זוֹ הֲלָכָה שֶׁהָיוּ טוֹעִים בָּהּ הָיוּ מְבַקְּשִׁים מִיָּדָם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שופטים ה, טו): בָּעֵמֶק שֻׁלַּח בְּרַגְלָיו, בְּעֻמְקָהּ שֶׁל הֲלָכָה.

“Issachar is a strong-boned donkey, lying between the sheepfolds” (Genesis 49:14). “Issachar is a strong-boned donkey” – Issachar brings by donkey and Zebulun by ships, as it is stated: “He will be a shore for ships” (Genesis 49:13). Another matter: “Issachar is a strong-boned [garem] donkey” – a donkey caused [garam] him: How did Leah know that Jacob was coming? The donkey brayed, she heard its voice, and went out to greet him. Another matter: “Issachar is a strong-boned donkey” – just as a donkey bears the burden, so, Issachar bears the Torah. “Lying between the sheepfolds” – these are the students who sit on the ground before the Sages, as it is stated: “If you lie between the sheepfolds” (Psalms 68:14). “He saw rest, that it was good, and the land, that it was pleasant; and he bowed his shoulder to bear, and he became subject to a tribute of labor” (Genesis 49:15). “He saw rest, that it was good” – this is Torah, as it is written: “For a good lesson I have given you” (Proverbs 4:2). “He became a subject to a tribute of labor ” – what is the tribute? This is a halakha regarding which they erred and they would seek it from them. Likewise it says: “Sent into the valley [ba’emek] on foot” (Judges 5:15) – in the depths [beomka] of halakha.

דָּן יָדִין עַמּוֹ (בראשית מט, טז), כַּמְיֻחָד שֶׁבַּשְּׁבָטִים זֶה יְהוּדָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כְּאַחַד, כִּיחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ סִיּוּעַ בַּמִּלְחָמָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סג, ג): פּוּרָה דָרַכְתִּי לְבַדִּי, כָּךְ שִׁמְשׁוֹן הָעוֹמֵד מִדָּן אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ אֲחֵרִים שֶׁיְסַיְּעוּ אוֹתוֹ, בְּלֹא חֶרֶב אֶלָּא בִּלְחִי חֲמוֹר. (בראשית מט, יז): יְהִי דָן נָחָשׁ עֲלֵי דֶרֶךְ שְׁפִיפֹן, כָּל הַחַיּוֹת מְהַלְּכוֹת זוּגוֹת זוּגוֹת וְהַנָּחָשׁ אֵינוֹ מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֶלָּא יְחִידִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יְהִי דָן נָחָשׁ עֲלֵי דֶרֶךְ, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַנָּחָשׁ נַקְמָן, כָּךְ הָיָה שִׁמְשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים טז, כח): וְאִנָּקְמָה נְקַם אַחַת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתוֹ יַעֲקֹב אָמַר (בראשית מט, יח): לִישׁוּעָתְךָ קִוִּיתִי ה', אֵין זֶה מֵבִיא אֶת הַגְּאֻלָּה אֶלָּא מִגָּד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מט, יט): גָּד גְּדוּד יְגוּדֶנוּ וְהוּא יָגֻד עָקֵב, לְאוֹתוֹ שֶׁהוּא בָּא בְּעָקֵב (מלאכי ג, כג): הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֶת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא, שֶׁהוּא מִשֵּׁבֶט גָּד, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וְהוּא יָגֻד עָקֵב.

“Dan will avenge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel” (Genesis 49:16). “Dan will avenge his people, [as one [ke’aḥad] of the tribes of Israel]” – like the most special [kamyuḥad] of the tribes, which is Judah. Another matter: “As one” – like the single One of the world, who needs no assistance in war, as it is stated: “I have trodden the winepress alone” (Isaiah 63:3), so, Samson, who descended from Dan, did not need others to assist him – without a sword, with but the jawbone of a donkey. “Dan will be a serpent on the road, a viper on the path, that bites a horse’s heels, and his rider falls backward” (Genesis 49:17). “Dan will be a serpent on the road, a viper” – all the beasts go in pairs, but the serpent goes on the road only alone. Another matter: “Dan will be a serpent on the road” – just as a serpent is vindictive, so was Samson, as it is stated: “Let me take vengeance once” (Judges 16:28). When Jacob saw him, he said: “For your salvation, I await, Lord” (Genesis 49:18). This one will not bring salvation, which will come only from Gad, as it is stated: “Gad, a troop will slash his enemies, and he will slash their heel [akev]” (Genesis 49:19), [alluding] to the one who will come at the End [be’akev]: “Behold, I am sending Elijah the prophet to you” (Malachi 3:23), who was from the tribe of Gad. That is why it says: “And he will slash their heel [akev].”

מֵאָשֵׁר שְׁמֵנָה לַחְמוֹ (בראשית מט, כ), שֶׁבְּנוֹתָיו נָאוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ל, יג): כִּי אִשְּׁרוּנִי בָּנוֹת, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים לג, כד): יְהִי רְצוּי אֶחָיו, בִּבְנוֹתָיו. וְהוּא יִתֵּן מַעֲדַנֵּי מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁבְּנוֹתָיו רְאוּיוֹת לְמַלְכוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב א, כד): הַמַּלְבִּשְׁכֶם שָׁנִי עִם עֲדָנִים. (בראשית מט, כא): נַפְתָּלִי אַיָּלָה שְׁלֻחָה, זוֹ בִּקְעַת גִּנּוֹסָר שֶׁהִיא מְמַהֶרֶת אֶת פֵּרוֹתֶיהָ כָּאַיָּלָה. הַנֹּתֵן אִמְרֵי שָׁפֶר, שֶׁאַרְצוֹ מִתְבָּרֶכֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג, כג): נַפְתָּלִי שְׂבַע רָצוֹן וגו', וְהֵם מְבַכְּרִין מִפֵּרוֹתֵיהֶם לַמְּלָכִים וּמְשַׁפְּרִים דִּבְרֵיהֶם, וְאִם הָיָה בְּלִבָּן עֲלֵיהֶן הָיוּ מִתְרַצִּין לָהֶן. (בראשית מט, כב): בֵּן פֹּרָת יוֹסֵף, וְכִי פֹּרָת לֵית הוּא יוֹסֵף, אֶלָּא מַהוּ בֵּן פֹּרָת, שֶׁעַל יְדֵי פָּרוֹת נִתְגַּדֵּל.

“From Asher, his bread is rich, and he will provide royal delicacies” (Genesis 49:20). “From Asher, his bread is rich” – as his daughters are fair, as it is stated: “As women will deem me fortunate” (Genesis 30:13). Likewise it says: “He will be the favorite of his brothers” (Deuteronomy 33:24) – because of his daughters. “And he will provide royal delicacies [maadanei]” – as his daughters are worthy of royalty, as it is stated: “Who clothed you in scarlet with finery [adanim]” (II Samuel 1:24). “Naphtali is a doe let loose, who provides pleasant sayings” (Genesis 49:21). “Naphtali is a doe let loose” – this is the Ginosar valley, which is as quick as a doe, in ripening produce. “Who provides pleasant sayings” – as his land is blessed, as it is stated: “Naphtali, his desire is satisfied, [and he is full with the blessing of the Lord]” (Deuteronomy 33:23). They produce first fruits for kings and speak fair words to them, and if [the kings] were displeased with them, they would become reconciled to them. “Joseph is a fruitful tree, a fruitful tree alongside a spring; branches run over the wall” (Genesis 49:22). “Joseph is a fruitful tree [ben porat]” – but is Porat not Joseph? What is ben porat? It is that he was elevated because of cows [parot].