Bereshit Rabbah 2

וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ (בראשית א, ב), רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה פָּתַח (משלי כ, יא): גַּם בְּמַעֲלָלָיו יִתְנַכֶּר נָעַר, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, עַד דְּהִיא פַגָּה אֲפֵיקַת כּוֹבַיָּא. הוּא מַה שֶּׁהַנָּבִיא עָתִיד לְהִתְנַבְּאוֹת עָלֶיהָ בַּסּוֹף (ירמיה ד, כג): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ.

“The earth was emptiness and disorder, and darkness was upon the face of the depths, and the spirit of God hovered over the surface of the water” (Genesis 1:2). “The earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu]” – Rabbi Berekhya began: “Even a boy is recognized through his deeds” (Proverbs 20:11) – Rabbi Berekhya said: While the plant was still immature, it produced thorns. This is what the prophet would one day prophesy in its regard: “I have seen the land, and behold, it is emptiness and disorder” (Jeremiah 4:23).

רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן, רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁקָּנָה לוֹ שְׁנֵי עֲבָדִים, שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת, וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, עַל אֶחָד גָּזַר שֶׁיְּהֵא נִזּוֹן מִטִּמְיוֹן, וְעַל אֶחָד גָּזַר שֶׁיְהֵא יָגֵעַ וְאוֹכֵל. יָשַׁב לוֹ אוֹתוֹ, תּוֹהֶא וּבוֹהֶא, אָמַר, שְׁנֵינוּ בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, זֶה נִזּוֹן מִטִּמְיוֹן וַאֲנִי אִם אֵינִי יָגֵעַ אֵינִי אוֹכֵל. כָּךְ יָשְׁבָה הָאָרֶץ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּבַת אַחַת, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים נִזּוֹנִין מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים אִם אֵינָם יְגֵעִים אֵינָם אוֹכְלִים. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן אָמַר, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁקָּנָה לוֹ שְׁתֵּי שְׁפָחוֹת, שְׁתֵּיהֶן בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, עַל אַחַת גָּזַר שֶׁלֹא תָּזוּז מִפָּלָטִין, וְעַל אַחַת גָּזַר טִירוֹדִין. יָשְׁבָה לָהּ אוֹתָהּ הַשִּׁפְחָה תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, שְׁנֵינוּ בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, זוֹ אֵינָהּ יוֹצְאָה וְזָזָה מִפָּלָטִין, וְעָלַי גּוֹזֵר טֵרוּדִין. כָּךְ יָשְׁבָה לָהּ הָאָרֶץ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּבַת אַחַת, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים חַיִּים, וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים מֵתִים, לְפִיכָךְ וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא, לְבֶן מֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה יָשֵׁן עַל גַּבֵּי עֲרִיסָה, וְהָיְתָה מֵנִיקָתוֹ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, לָמָּה, שֶׁהָיְתָה יוֹדַעַת שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לִטֹּל אֶת שֶׁלָּהּ מִתַּחַת יָדָיו. כָּךְ צָפְתָה הָאָרֶץ שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לִטֹּל אֶת שֶׁלָּהּ מִתַּחַת יָדָיו שֶׁל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, יז): אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ, לְפִיכָךְ וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ.

Rabbi Abahu and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon, Rabbi Abahu said: This is analogous to a king who purchased two slaves for himself, both of them with one bill of sale and with one sum. He decreed for one of them that he should be supported from the royal treasury, and for the other that he would have to toil to eat. That one sat, bewildered and astonished [toheh uvoheh]. He said: ‘Both of us were purchased with one bill of sale and one sum, yet this one is supported from the royal treasury, and I, if I do not toil, I do not eat?’ So, too, the earth sat bewildered and astonished. It said: ‘The celestial beings and the terrestrial beings were created simultaneously. The celestial beings are sustained from the radiance of the Divine Presence; as for the terrestrial beings, if they do not toil they do not eat.’ Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: It is analogous to a king who purchased two maidservants, both of them with one bill of sale and with one sum. He decreed for one of them that she should not depart from the palace, and for the other he decreed banishment. That maidservant sat bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha]. She said: ‘Both of us were purchased with one bill of sale and one sum, and this one does not go out and depart from the palace, but for me he decrees banishment?’ So, too, the earth sat bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha]. It said: ‘The celestial beings and the terrestrial beings were created simultaneously. The celestial beings live forever and the terrestrial beings die.’ That is why “the earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu].” Rabbi Tanḥuma said: It is analogous to the son of a king, who was sleeping in his cradle, and his wet nurse was bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha], as she knew that she would ultimately receive her punishment on his account. So, the earth foresaw that it was destined to receive its punishment on account of man, as it is stated: “Cursed is the ground on your account” (Genesis 3:17). That is why “the earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu].”

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּדּוֹרוֹת, וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ, זֶה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהָיָה לִלְמָה וְלֹא כְלוּם. וָבֹהוּ, זֶה קַיִן, שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְהַחֲזִיר אֶת הָעוֹלָם לְתֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ. וְחשֶׁךְ, זֶה דּוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אֱנוֹשׁ, עַל שֵׁם (ישעיה כט, טו): וְהָיָה בְמַחְשָׁךְ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וַיֹּאמְרוּ מִי רֹאֵנוּ וּמִי יֹדְעֵנוּ. עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, זֶה דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ז, יא): בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִבְקְעוּ כָּל מַעְיְנוֹת תְּהוֹם. וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם, עַל שֵׁם (בראשית ח, א): וַיַּעֲבֵר אֱלֹהִים רוּחַ עַל הָאָרֶץ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַד מָתַי יְהֵא הָעוֹלָם מִתְנַהֵג בַּאֲפֵלָה, תָּבוֹא הָאוֹרָה, וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מא, ב): מִי הֵעִיר מִמִּזְרָח צֶדֶק וגו', אַל תִּקְרָא הֵעִיר אֶלָּא הֵאִיר. וַיִּקְרָא אֱלֹהִים לָאוֹר יוֹם, זֶה יַעֲקֹב. וְלַחשֶׁךְ קָרָא לָיְלָה, זֶה עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי עֶרֶב, זֶה עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי בֹקֶר, זֶה יַעֲקֹב. וַיְהִי עֶרֶב, עַרְבּוֹ שֶׁל עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי בֹקֶר, בּוֹקְרוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב. יוֹם אֶחָד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה יד, ז): וְהָיָה יוֹם אֶחָד הוּא יִוָּדַע לַה' לֹא יוֹם וְלֹא לָיְלָה וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר יוֹם אֶחָד, שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה, יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים.

Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon interpreted the verses regarding the generations. “The earth was emptiness and disorder” – this is Adam the first man, who became oblivion and nothingness. “And disorder” – this is Cain, who sought to restore the world to emptiness and disorder. “And darkness” – this is the generation of Enosh, based on the verse: “Their actions are in the dark and they say: Who sees us and who knows of us?” (Isaiah 29:15). “Upon the face of the depths” – this is the generation of the Flood, as it is stated: “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depths were breached” (Genesis 7:11). “And the spirit [ruaḥ] of God was hovering over the surface of the water” – based on the verse: “God passed a wind [ruaḥ] over the earth” (Genesis 8:1). The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Until when will the world conduct itself in darkness? Let some light come.’ “God said: Let there be light” (Genesis 1:3) – this is Abraham. That is what is written [regarding Abraham]: “Who roused [he’ir] righteousness from the east?” (Isaiah 41:2). Do not read it as he’ir, but rather, he’ir. “God called the light, Day, and the darkness, He called Night. It was evening and it was morning, one day” (Genesis 1:5). “God called the light, Day” – this is Jacob. “And the darkness, He called Night” – this is Esau. “It was evening” – this is Esau; “and it was morning” – this is Jacob. “It was evening” – the evening of Esau; “and it was morning” – the morning of Jacob. “One day” – as it is stated: “There will be one day, it will be known to the Lord, that is not day and not night…” (Zechariah 14:7). Alternatively, “one day” – which the Holy One blessed be He provided him. Which is that? It is Yom Kippur.

רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּגָּלֻיּוֹת, וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ, זֶה גָּלוּת בָּבֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ד, כט): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּה תֹהוּ. וָבֹהוּ, זֶה גָּלוּת מָדַי (אסתר ו, יד): וַיַּבְהִלוּ לְהָבִיא אֶת הָמָן. וְחשֶׁךְ, זֶה גָּלוּת יָוָן, שֶׁהֶחֱשִׁיכָה עֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּגְזֵרוֹתֵיהֶן, שֶׁהָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת לָהֶם, כִּתְבוּ עַל קֶרֶן הַשּׁוֹר שֶׁאֵין לָכֶם חֵלֶק בֵּאלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, זֶה גָּלוּת מַמְלֶכֶת הָרְשָׁעָה, שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵקֶר כְּמוֹ הַתְּהוֹם, מַה הַתְּהוֹם הַזֶּה אֵין לוֹ חֵקֶר, אַף הָרְשָׁעִים כֵּן. וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת, זֶה רוּחוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה יא, ב): וְנָחָה עָלָיו רוּחַ ה', בְּאֵיזוֹ זְכוּת מְמַשְׁמֶשֶׁת וּבָאָה, הַמְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם, בִּזְכוּת הַתְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁנִּמְשְׁלָה כַּמַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ב, יט): שִׁפְכִי כַמַּיִם לִבֵּךְ. רַבִּי חַגַּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי פְּדָת אָמַר, בְּרִית כְּרוּתָה לַמַּיִם שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת שָׁרָב רוּחָה שַׁיְיפָה, וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן זוֹמָא יוֹשֵׁב וְתוֹהֶא, וְעָבַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְשָׁאַל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ, פַּעַם וּשְׁתַּיִם וְלֹא הֵשִׁיבוֹ, בַּשְׁלִישִׁית הֵשִׁיבוֹ בִּבְהִילוּת, אָמַר לוֹ בֶּן זוֹמָא מֵאַיִן הָרַגְלַיִם, אָמַר לוֹ מְעַיֵּן הָיִיתִי, אָמַר לוֹ מֵעִיד אֲנִי עָלַי שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ שֶׁאֵינִי זָז מִכָּאן עַד שֶׁתּוֹדִיעֵנִי מֵאַיִן הָרַגְלַיִם. אָמַר לוֹ מִסְתַּכֵּל הָיִיתִי בְּמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית, וְלֹא הָיָה בֵּין מַיִם הָעֶלְיוֹנִים לַמַּיִם הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים אֶלָּא כִּשְׁתַּיִם וְשָׁלשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת, וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְנַשֶּׁבֶת אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא מְרַחֶפֶת, כָּעוֹף הַזֶּה שֶׁהוּא מְרַפְרֵף בִּכְנָפָיו וּכְנָפָיו נוֹגְעוֹת וְאֵינָן נוֹגְעוֹת. נֶהְפַּךְ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאָמַר לְתַלְמִידָיו, הָלַךְ לוֹ בֶּן זוֹמָא, וְלֹא שָׁהוּ יָמִים מֻעָטִים וּבֶן זוֹמָא בָּעוֹלָם.

Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish interpreted the verses regarding the [four] kingdoms. “The earth was emptiness” – this is the Babylonian kingdom, as it is stated: “I have seen the land, and behold, it was emptiness and disorder” (Jeremiah 4:23). “And disorder [vavohu]” – this is the Median kingdom, [as it is stated:] “They hastened [vayavhilu] to bring Haman” (Esther 6:14). “And darkness”– this is the Greek kingdom, which darkened Israel’s eyes with their edicts, as they used to say to them: ‘Write on the horn of a bull that you have no portion in the God of Israel.’ “Upon the face of the depths” – this is the evil kingdom [Edom], which cannot be calculated, like the depths; just as the depths cannot be calculated, so is it with [the wickedness of] the wicked. “And the spirit of God was hovering” – this is the spirit of the messianic king, as it says: “The spirit of the Lord will rest upon him” (Isaiah 11:2). By what merit will it [the Messianic kingdom] come? “Hovering over the surface of the water” – by the merit of repentance, that is likened to water, as it is stated: “Pour out your heart like water [before the face of the Lord]” (Lamentations 2:19). Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Pedat: A covenant is made with the water, that even when the weather is hot, the wind blows over it. It happened once that Rabbi Shimon ben Zoma was sitting, entranced in thought. Rabbi Yehoshua passed and greeted him once, twice, but he did not answer him. The third time, he answered him with a start. He said to him: ‘Ben Zoma, where were your thoughts?’ He said to him: ‘I have been contemplating.’ He said to him: ‘As the heavens and the earth are my witnesses, I shall not move from here until you inform me where your thoughts were.’ He said to him: ‘I was looking at the act of Creation, and [I saw that] between the upper waters and the lower waters there were only two or three fingerbreadths. “The spirit of the Lord was blowing” is not written, but rather, “was hovering” – like a bird that flaps its wings, they touch [the nest] but do not quite touch.’ Rabbi Yehoshua turned and said to his disciples: Ben Zoma is gone. Not even a few days passed with ben Zoma still in the world.

רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ וְרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה, רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם צָפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים וּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים א, ו): כִּי יוֹדֵעַ ה' דֶּרֶךְ צַדִּיקִים וְדֶרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים תֹּאבֵד. וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ, אֵלּוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר, אֵלּוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, אֲבָל אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ בְּאֵיזֶה מֵהֶם חָפֵץ, אִם בְּמַעֲשֵׂה אֵלּוּ אִם בְּמַעֲשֵׂה אֵלּוּ, כֵּיוָן דִּכְתִיב וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאוֹר כִּי טוֹב, הֱוֵי בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים חָפֵץ, וְאֵינוֹ חָפֵץ בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה, מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם צָפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בָּנוּי וְחָרֵב וּבָנוּי, בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, הֲרֵי בָּנוּי, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה נא, טז): לִנְטֹעַ שָׁמַיִם וְלִיסֹד אָרֶץ וְלֵאמֹר לְצִיּוֹן עַמִּי אָתָּה. וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ, הֲרֵי חָרֵב, הֵיךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה ד, כג): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ. וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר, הֲרֵי בָּנוּי וּמְשֻׁכְלָל לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה ס, א): קוּמִי אוֹרִי כִּי בָא אוֹרֵךְ, וּכְתִיב (ישעיה ס, כ): כִּי הִנֵּה הַחשֶׁךְ יְכַסֶּה אֶרֶץ וַעֲרָפֶל לְאֻמִּים וְעָלַיִךְ יִזְרַח ה' וּכְבוֹדוֹ עָלַיִךְ יֵרָאֶה.

Rabbi Abahu and Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great, Rabbi Abahu said: Right from the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He foresaw the actions of the righteous and the actions of the wicked. That is what is written: “For the Lord knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish” (Psalms 1:6). “The earth was emptiness and disorder” – these are the actions of the wicked. “God said: Let there be light” – these are the actions of the righteous. But I do not know which He desires, whether it is the actions of these, or the actions of those. When it is written: “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4) – this shows that He desires the actions of the righteous, and does not desire the actions of the wicked. Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said: Right from the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He foresaw the Temple built, destroyed, and rebuilt. “In the beginning God created [the heavens and the earth]” – that indicates [the Temple] being built, as it says: “To plant the heavens and to lay the foundation of the earth and to say to Zion: You are My people” (Isaiah 51:16). “The earth was emptiness and disorder” – that indicates [the Temple] destroyed, just as it says: “I have seen the land, and behold, it is emptiness and disorder” (Jeremiah 4:23). “God said: Let there be light” – that indicates [the Temple] being built and perfected in the future, as it says: “Arise, shine, for your light has come” (Isaiah 60:1), and it is written: “For, behold, the darkness will cover the earth, and nations, a fog; but upon you the Lord will shine and His glory will be seen upon you” (Isaiah 60:2).