Bundahishn
On the nature of plants it says in revelation, that, before the coming of the destroyer, vegetation had no thorn and bark about it; and, afterwards, when the destroyer came, it became coated with bark and thorny, for antagonism mingled with every single thing; owing to that cause vegetation is also much mixed with poison, like Bts the height of hemp (kand), that is poisonous, for men when they eat it die.
In like manner even as the animals, with grain of fifty and five species and twelve species of medicinal plants, have arisen from the primeval ox, ten thousand species among the species of principal plants, and a hundred thousand species among ordinary plants have grown from all these seeds of the tree opposed to harm, the many-seeded, which has grown in the wide-formed ocean.
When the seeds of all these plants, with those from the primeval ox, have arisen upon it, every year the bird strips that tree and mingles all the seeds in the water; Tistar seizes them with the rain-water and rains them on to all regions.
Near to that tree the white Hôm, the healing and undefiled, has grown at the source of the water of Arêdvîvsûr; every one who eats it becomes immortal, and they call it the Gôkard tree, as it is said that Hôm is expelling death; also in the renovation of the universe they prepare its immortality therefrom; and it is the chief of plants.
These are as many genera of plants as exist: trees and shrubs, fruit-trees, corn, flowers, aromatic herbs, salads, spices, grass, wild plants, medicinal plants, gum plants, and all producing oil, dyes, and clothing.
I will mention them also a second time all whose fruit is not welcome as food of men, and are perennial (sâlvâr), as the cypress, the plane, the white poplar, the box, and others of this genus, they call trees and shrubs (dâr va dirakht). 7. The produce of everything welcome as food of men, that is perennial, as the date, the myrtle, the lote-plum, the grape, the quince, the apple, the citron, the pomegranate, the peach, the fig, the walnut, the almond, and others in this genus, they call fruit (mivak). 8. Whatever requires labour with the spade, and is perennial, they call a shrub (dirakht).
Whatever requires that they take its crop through labour, and its root withers away, such as wheat, barley, grain, various kinds of pulse, vetches, and others of this genus, they call corn (gûrdâk).
Every plant with fragrant leaves, which is cultivated by the hand-labour of men, and is perennial (hamvâr), they call an aromatic herb (siparam). 11. Whatever sweet-scented blossom arises at various seasons through the hand-labour of men, or has a perennial root and blossoms in its season with new shoots and sweet-scented blossoms, as the rose, the narcissus, the jasmine, the dog-rose (nêstarûn), the tulip, the colocynth (kavastik), the pandanus (kêdi), the kamba, the ox-eye (hêri), the crocus, the swallow-wort (zarda), the violet, the kârda, and others of this genus, they call a flower (gul).
Everything whose sweet-scented fruit, or sweet-scented blossom, arises in its season, without the hand-labour of men, they call a wild plant (vahâr or nihâl).
Whatever is welcome as food of cattle and beasts of burden they call grass (giyâh).
Whatever enters into cakes (pês-pârakîhâ) they call spices (âvzârîhâ).
Whatever is welcome in eating of bread, as torn shoots of the coriander, water-cress (kakig), the leek, and others of this genus, they call salad (têrak).
Whatever is like spinning cotton, and others of this genus, they call clothing plants (gâmak).
Whatever lentil is greasy, as sesame, dûshdâng, hemp, zandak, and others of this genus, they call an oil-seed (rôkanô).
Whatever one can dye clothing with, as saffron, sapan-wood, zakava, vaha, and others of this genus, they call a dyeplant (rag).
Whatever root, or gum, or wood is scented, as frankincense, varâst, kust, sandalwood, cardamom, camphor, orange-scented mint, and others of this genus, they call a scent (bôd).
Whatever stickiness comes out from plants they call gummy (zadak).
The timber which proceeds from the trees, when it is either dry or wet, they call wood (kîbâ).
Every one of all these plants which is so, they call medicinal (dârûk).
The principal fruits are of thirty kinds (khadûînak), and ten species (sardak) of them are fit to eat inside and outside, as the fig, the apple, the quince, the citron, the grape, the mulberry, the pear, and others of this kind; ten are fit to eat outside, but not fit to eat inside, as the date, the peach, the white apricot, and others of this kind; those which are fit to eat inside, but not fit to eat outside, are the walnut, the almond, the pomegranate, the cocoanut, the filbert, the chesnut, the pistachio nut, the vargân, and whatever else of this description are very remarkable.
This, too, it says, that every single flower is appropriate to an angel (ameshôspend), as the white jasmine (saman) is for Vohûman, the myrtle and jasmine (yâsmin) are Aûharmazd's own, the mouse-ear (or sweet marjoram) is Ashavahist's own, the basil-royal is Shatvairo's own, the musk flower is Spendarmad's, the lily is Horvadad's, the kamba is Amerôdad's, Din-pavan-Atarô has the orange-scented mint (vâdrang-bôd), Âtarô has the marigold (âdargun), the water-lily is Âvân's, the white marv is Khurshed's, the ranges is Mâh's, the violet is Tir's, the mêren is Gôs's, the kârda is Din-pavan-Mitro's, all violets are Mitro's, the red chrysanthemum (khêr) is Srôsh's, the dog-rose (nestran) is Rashnu's, the cockscomb is Fravardin's, the sisebar is Vâhrâm's, the yellow chrysanthemum is Râm's, the orange-scented mint is Vâď's, the trigonella is Din-pavan-Din's, the hundredpetalled rose is Din's, all kinds of wild flowers (vahâr) are Ard's, Astâd has all the white Hôm, the bread-baker's basil is Âsmân's, Zamyâd has the Anîrân has this Hôm of the angel Hôm, of three kinds.
It is concerning plants that every single kind with a drop of water on a twig (teh) they should hold four finger-breadths in front of the fire; most of all it is the lotos (kûnår) they speak of.